Design and Implementation of a Function
Generator
Document Type: Major
Authorized by: Saiyam Jain (2022MT11962)
Publication Date: 6th February 2025
Version Number: 4.1.1
Freaky Friday
6th February, 2025(Week 4)
Team Members
Table 1: Single Point of Contact(SPOC)
Role Name Entry no. Email Contact
no.
TC Saiyam Jain 2022MT11962 mt1221962@iitd.ac.in 7340268982
Deputy
TC
Shivaani Hari 2022MT11273 mt1221273@iitd.ac.in 9205959258
Table 2: List of Participants
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
1 Tribe Coordina-
tor and Hard-
ware Design and
Fabrication
Saiyam
Jain
2022MT11962 mt1221962@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
2 Deputy Tribe
Coordinator and
Documentation
Shivaani
Hari
2022MT11273 mt1221273@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
3 Activity
Coordinator-
Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Vagesh
Mahajan
2022MT11260 mt1221260@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
4 Activity
Coordinator-
Software
Shrenik
Mohan
Sakala
2022MT11920 mt1221920@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
5 Activity
Coordinator-
Testing and
Debugging
(Hardware)
Madhav
Mahesh-
wari
2022MT61975 mt6221975@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
6 Activity
Coordinator-
Market Survey
and Research
Rahul
Athipatla
2022MT11277 mt1221277@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 1 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
7 Activity
Coordinator-
Documentation
Nilay
Sharma
2022MT12007 mt1222007@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
8 Market Survey
and Research
Aahna
Jain
2022MT11930 mt1221930@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
9 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Abhishek
Kumar
Singh
2022MT11276 mt1221276@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
10 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Abhishek
Singh
2022MT11934 mt1221934@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
11 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Adarsh
Singh
2022MT11285 mt1221285@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
12 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Aditya
Goyal
2022EE31761 ee3221761@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
13 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Aditya Raj 2022MT61980 mt6221980@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
14 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Ajaypal
Kulhari
2022EE11711 ee1221711@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
15 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Aman Di-
vya
2022MT11293 mt1221293@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
16 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Ambhore
Soham
Bhaskar
2022EE11713 ee1221713@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
17 Software Arnav Ti-
wari
2022MT11267 mt1221267@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
18 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Arpit
Mourya
2022EE11728 ee1221728@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
19 Market Survey
and Research
Ashmit
Nangia
2022EE11989 ee1221989@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
20 Market Survey
and Research
Ayush
Nayak
2022MT11958 mt1221958@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 2 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
21 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Ayush Raj 2022MT11944 mt1221944@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
22 Software Chintada
Srini-
vasarao
2022MT11924 mt1221924@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
23 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Deevyansh
Khadria
2022EE31883 ee3221883@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
24 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Dev Singh 2022MT11143 mt1221143@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
25 Software Devansh
Upadhyay
2022MT11931 mt1221931@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
26 Software Dhruv
Chaurasiya
2022MT11172 mt1221172@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
27 Software Galla
Yaswant
Venkata
Ramana
2022EE11687 ee1221687@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
28 Market Survey
and Research
Gauri
Agarwal
2021EE10715 ee12110715@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
29 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Ishan
Bankal
2022EE31779 ee3221779@ee.iitd.ac.in 0.9
30 Documentation Ishant Ya-
dav
2022MT11397 mt1221397@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
31 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Jenit Jain 2022EE11690 ee1221690@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
32 Documentation Kabir
Uberoi
2022MT61202 mt6221202@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
33 Market Survey
and Research
Kaneesha
Jain
2022MT11929 mt1221929@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
34 Documentation Keshav
Rai
2022MT61968 mt6221968@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 3 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
35 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Khushi
Gupta
2022MT61973 mt6221973@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
36 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Krish
Singh
2022MT61303 mt6221303@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
37 Software Lakshaya
Jain
2022MT11933 mt1221933@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
38 Documentation Madhav
Biyani
2022EE11321 ee1221321@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
39 Software Manas
Goyal
2022MT11918 mt1221918@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
40 Software Mukul
Sahu
2022MT11939 mt1221939@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
41 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Nagure
Kalyani
Para-
manand
2022MT61983 mt6221983@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
42 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Naman
Kale
2022MT11960 mt1221960@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
43 Software Nimkar
Abhinav
Yashwant
2022MT11943 mt1221943@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
44 Software Niraj
Agarwal
2022MT11921 mt1221921@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
45 Software Niranjan
Rajeev
2022EE11766 ee1221766@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
46 Software Nobin
Kidangan
Benny
2022EE11154 ee1221154@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
47 Documentation Ojas
Sharma
2022EE31746 ee3221746@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
48 Documentation Om Goel 2022MT12071 mt1222071@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
49 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Parth
Bhardwaj
2022MT11257 mt1221257@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 4 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
50 Documentation Pratyush
Sharma
2022MT61970 mt6221970@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
51 Market Survey
and Research
Pratyush
Shrivas-
tava
2022EE11660 ee1221660@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
52 Software Praveen
Lakhara
2022MT11280 mt1221280@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
53 Software Priyansh
Prakash
Mayank
2022MT11954 mt1221954@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
54 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Priyanshu
Jindal
2022EE11668 ee1221668@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
55 Software Punit
Meena
2022EE11184 ee1221184@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
56 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Rahul Ra-
joria
2022MT11947 mt1221947@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
57 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Raman
Jakhar
2022MT11941 mt1221941@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
58 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Ranjan
Kumar
Singh
2022MT61304 mt6221304@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
59 Software Rijul
Rudrax
Barot
2022EE11664 ee1221664@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
60 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Rudranil
Naskar
2022MT11287 mt1221287@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
61 Documentation Sachin
Hiren
Trivedi
2022EE11190 ee1221190@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
62 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Saksham
Kumar
Rohilla
2022EE11709 ee1221709@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
63 Market Survey
and Research
Sanya
Sachan
2022MT11286 mt1221286@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 5 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
64 Software Sarthak
Gangwal
2022MT11275 mt1221275@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
65 Market Survey
and Research
Satvik
Prasad S
2022MT11279 mt1221279@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
66 Documentation Shashwat
Kasliwal
2022MT11915 mt1221915@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
67 Documentation Shivang
Goyal
2022MT11269 mt1221269@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
68 Software Siddharth
Saini
2022MT11283 mt1221283@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
69 Market Research
and Survey
Siya Gupta 2022MT11274 mt1221274@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
70 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Sparsh
Jain
2022MT11917 mt1221917@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
71 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Suhani
Soni
2022MT61981 mt6221981@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
72 Software Sumit
Sonowal
2022MT11296 mt1221296@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
73 Software Suneel
Masarapu
2022MT11942 mt1221942@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
74 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Sushil Ku-
mar
2022EE31765 ee3221765@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
75 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Syna Raj-
vanshi
2022MT61974 mt6221974@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
76 Market Survey
and Research
Tanya Jain 2022MT11935 mt1221935@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
77 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Taru Sing-
hal
2022MT11922 mt1221922@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
78 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Tatsam
Ranjan
Sharma
2022MT61969 mt6221969@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 6 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
79 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Tirth
Punit
Golwala
2022MT11967 mt1221967@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
80 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Tushar
Goyal
2022MT11266 mt1221266@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
81 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Umang
Agarwal
2022EE11692 ee1221692@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
82 Documentation Utkarsh
Dubey
2022MT61045 mt6221045@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
83 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Vatsal
Manish
Sejpal
2022MT11926 mt1221926@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
84 Hardware
Design and
Fabrication
Viha
Singla
2022MT61972 mt6221972@maths.iitd.ac.in 1.0
85 Documentation Yuvraj
Singh
2022EE11715 ee1221715@ee.iitd.ac.in 1.0
Table 3: List of Team Members with IF < 1
S.no Role Name Entry No Email I.F
1 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Abhishek
Kumar
Singh
2022MT11276 mt1221276@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
2 Software Devansh
Upad-
hyay
2022MT11931 mt1221931@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
3 Testing and De-
bugging (Hard-
ware)
Ishan
Bankal
2022EE31779 ee3221779@ee.iitd.ac.in 0.9
4 Software Suneel
Masarapu
2022MT11942 mt1221942@maths.iitd.ac.in 0.9
Page 7 of 140
Contents
I. List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
II. List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Glossary 14
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Mind Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3 Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 Project Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.6 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Requirements 26
2.1 Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.1 Input Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.2 Output Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.3 Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.4 Logistical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.5 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.6 Site (Usage Site) Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.7 Structural Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.8 Time Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Non-Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.1 Aesthetic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.3 Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.4 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Specications 29
3.1 Hardware Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Software Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 Comparative Analysis: Arduino Uno vs. Arduino Nano . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Comparative Analysis: Sine Wave using Arduino Uno vs Using RC Filter 30
3.4.1 Function Generator & Amplier Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.2 Eect with RC Filtered Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.3 Eect of Step or RC Signals Instead of Sinusoids . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.4 Eects of Non-Sinusoidal Signals in Rectiers & Clippers . . . . . 32
3.5 Space specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8
3.6 Cost specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7 Performance specications: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.8 Milestone Specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.9 Man-hour specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.9.1 Man-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.9.2 Skillset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.9.3 How Assignment was Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.9.4 Surplus Manpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.9.5 TRL Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 Design 49
4.1 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.1 Parts of Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2 Demo Function Generator Design and Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.2 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3 CAD Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 Outer Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.3 Support Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.4 Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.5 Potentiometer Knobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.6 Push button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.7 Reset button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Types of Waveform & their Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.1 Square Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.2 Ramp Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.3 Sine Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.4.4 Triangular Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.4.5 Pulse Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.5 Voltage Amplitude Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.6 DC Oset Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.7 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.8 Arduino Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.8.1 Code for Square Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.8.2 Code for Ramp Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.8.3 Code for Sine Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.8.4 Code for Triangular Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.8.5 Code for Pulse Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.8.6 Code for LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.9 Software Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.9.1 Simulation for Square Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.9.2 Simulation for Ramp Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.9.3 Simulation for Sine Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.9.4 Simulation for Triangular Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.9.5 Simulation for Pulse Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.9.6 Simulation for Lcd Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.10 Design Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Page 9 of 140
4.10.1 Software Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.10.2 Hardware Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.11 Comparative Analysis of Function Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.11.1 Target Function Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.11.2 Comparative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.11.3 Impact on Stakeholders of ELP101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.11.4 Comparison with DIY Signal Generator Kit (XR2206) . . . . . . 91
5 Closure 93
5.0.1 Re-use and modularity of product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bibliography 97
A Document Statistics 98
B Softwares Used 99
C Document ID 101
D Minutes of the Meeting 102
D.1 Week 1 (10/01/25 - 23/01/25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
D.1.1 Market Research Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
D.1.2 Software Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
D.1.3 Documentation subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
D.1.4 Hardware Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
D.2 Week 2 (17/01/25 - 23/01/25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
D.2.1 Market Research Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
D.2.2 Software Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
D.2.3 Documentation Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
D.2.4 Hardware Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
D.3 Week 3 (24/01/25 - 30/01/25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
D.3.1 Market Research Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
D.3.2 Software Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
D.3.3 Documentation Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
D.3.4 Hardware Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
D.4 Week 4 (31/01/25 - 06/02/25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
D.4.1 Market Research Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
D.4.2 Software Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
D.4.3 Documentation Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
D.4.4 Hardware Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
D.5 Actions Taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D.5.1 Market Research Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D.5.2 Software Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D.5.3 Documentation Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
D.5.4 Hardware Subtribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Page 10 of 140
I. List of Tables
1 Single Point of Contact(SPOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 List of Team Members with IF < 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Components and Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 CAD Milestones and Sub tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 Software Simulations Milestones and Sub tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6 Man-hours invested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.7 Skillset acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1 Comparison between Scientech Function Generator and Our Model . . . 91
4.2 Comparison between DIY Signal Generator Kit and Our Model . . . . . 92
11
II. List of Figures
1.1 Mind Map of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Hardware Test and Debugging Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Market Research Analysis Workow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 Documentation and File Writing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5 Project Timeline in Gantt Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6 Resource Breakdown, generated from ProjectLibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7 Resource Breakdown (contd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.8 Resource Breakdown (contd.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Flowchart of the Function Generator Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 Isometric view of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . 52
4.3 Top view of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Front view of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 53
4.5 Right view of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 53
4.6 Drawing of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Isometric view of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 54
4.8 Top view of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.9 Front view of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.10 Right view of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.11 Drawing of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.12 Isometric view of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . 56
4.13 Top view of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 57
4.14 Front view of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 57
4.15 Right view of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 57
4.16 Drawing of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 58
4.17 Isometric view of Body(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.18 Top view of Body(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.19 Front view of Body(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.20 Right view of Body(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.21 Drawing of Body(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.22 Isometric View of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . 61
4.23 Top View of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . 61
4.24 Front view of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . 62
4.25 Right View of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . 62
4.26 Drawing of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . 63
4.27 Isometric View of Push Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . 63
4.28 Top View of Push Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 64
4.29 Front View of Push Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 64
12
4.30 Right View of Push Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 65
4.31 Drawing of Push Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.32 Isometric View of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . 67
4.33 Top View of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 67
4.34 Front View of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 68
4.35 Right View of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . 68
4.36 Drawing of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb) . . . . . . . . . 69
4.37 Voltage Amplitude Variation(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . . 71
4.38 DC Oset Control(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.39 Function Generator Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.40 Simulation of Square Wave(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . . . 83
4.41 Simulation of Ramp Wave(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.42 Simulation of Sine Wave(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.43 Simulation of Triangular Wave(Produced using TinkerCAD) . . . . . . . 85
4.44 Simulation of Pulse Wave(Produced using SimulIDE) . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.45 Simulation of Oled Display(Produced using Wokwi) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.46 Acrylic Piece Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.47 Box Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Page 13 of 140
Glossary
AC Alternating Current 27
AM Amplitude Modulation 26
DC Direct Current 27
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility 27
EMI Electromagnetic Interference 27
FM Frequency Modulation 26
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission 28
LCD Liquid Crystal Display 26
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures 28
PCB Printed Circuit Board 26
PM Phase Modulation 26
THD Total Harmonic Distortion 26
14
1. Introduction
1.1 Denitions
ATmega328P: A microcontroller from the AVR family, commonly used in embedded
systems, including Arduino platforms, known for its exibility and ease of use in
controlling various digital and analog devices.
Chassis: The outer protective housing of the device, made of durable recycled plastic.
Coleman Liau Index: A readability test that uses characters per word and sentences
per text to compute a U.S. school grade level.
Crystal Oscillator: An electronic component that generates a stable frequency signal
by utilizing the mechanical vibrations of a crystal. It is widely used for clock
generation in microcontrollers, communication devices, and timing circuits.
DC Oset: A shift in the waveform along the voltage axis, allowing the signal to have
a constant voltage added or subtracted from the waveform.
Electromagnetic Compatibility: The capability of electrical devices and systems to
operate eciently within their electromagnetic environment without generating or
experiencing disruptive interference from other electronic sources.
Electromagnetic Interference: A disturbance caused by electromagnetic radiation
that disrupts the operation of electrical or electronic equipment, potentially leading
to degraded performance or malfunction.
Frequency Modulation: A technique where the frequency of a carrier signal is con-
tinuously altered based on the amplitude of the input message signal, allowing for
ecient transmission of audio and data signals with reduced noise interference.
Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level: Formulas that evaluate the
readability of text, with higher scores indicating easier readability.
Gunning Fog Index: A readability metric that predicts the level of education needed
to comprehend a text upon rst reading.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): An international standards or-
ganization that creates and publishes international standards for all electronic, elec-
trical, and related technologies.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): A at-panel display technology that utilizes liquid
crystals and polarized light to produce images, widely used in screens for televisions,
monitors, digital clocks, and other electronic devices.
15
Modular Design: A design feature that allows for easy replacement of individual com-
ponents, improving serviceability.
Mean time between Failures(MTBF): A reliability measure indicating that the prod-
uct is expected to operate for at least 10,000 hours before failure.
Phase Modulation: A method of modulation in which the phase of the carrier signal is
shifted in direct response to the variations in the amplitude of the message signal.
Potentiometer: A three-terminal adjustable resistor that regulates voltage levels in a
circuit by changing its resistance, often used for ne adjustments in settings like
volume or brightness.
Printed Circuit Board: A non-conductive substrate with embedded copper traces that
interconnect electronic components, enabling circuit functionality in electronic de-
vices.
Readability Score (WebFx): A metric used to measure the readability of a text. A
lower score indicates that the text is harder to read.
Service Level Agreement(SLA): Formal agreements that ensure customers receive
timely technical support.
Signal Stability: The degree to which the output frequency remains constant, with
drift limited to no more than 0.01
Total Addressable Market(TAM): The overall revenue potential for function gener-
ators.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): It quanties the distortion in a signal due to the
presence of harmonics, expressed as a percentage of the original signal’s amplitude.
Unique Selling Proposition(USP): The key distinguishing feature of the product.
Vpp (Peak-to-Peak Voltage): A measure of the amplitude of an alternating current
(AC) signal, indicating the voltage dierence between the highest and lowest points
in the waveform.
Page 16 of 140
1.3 Project Management
The outputs from ProjectLibre include the Gantt chart (Fig. 1.5), network charts
(Figs. 1.2–1.4), and resource breakdown (Figs. 1.6–1.8), each playing a crucial role in
project planning and execution.
The Gantt chart (Fig. 1.5) provides a timeline-based view of tasks, detailing their
start and nish dates, durations, and dependencies. It aids in tracking progress, managing
resources, and identifying potential bottlenecks.
The network charts (Figs. 1.2–1.4) focus on task dependencies and workow, high-
lighting their sequence and identifying the critical path, which determines the shortest
completion time. Together, these charts enhance project visibility, streamline coordina-
tion, and ensure timely execution.
The resource breakdown (Figs. 1.6–1.8) ensures clear task allocation, preventing
workload imbalances and delays. By dening team roles, responsibilities, and timelines,
it optimizes eciency, improves coordination, and enhances accountability, ensuring a
smooth and conict-free workow.
Figure 1.2: Hardware Test and Debugging Process
Figure 1.3: Market Research Analysis Workow
Page 18 of 140
1.4 Project Statement
Design and development of a function generator that, within a Rs 1000 budget, replicates
the features, specications, and layout of the generator used in ELP101. According to
the requirements of our stakeholders the FG must support the same frequency range,
waveform types, amplitude control, and other essential features as the “Scientech 4064S”.
1.5 Abstract
As part of Project 1, we are creating a Function Generator—a highly adaptable elec-
tronic device designed to produce various periodic waveforms, including sine, square,
triangular, and sawtooth waves. Our goal is to replicate some of the functionalities of
the Scientech 4064S Function Generator that is used in the lab. This device allows
users to adjust frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle, making it a perfect tool for tasks
like electronics testing, debugging, and circuit design.
Key features of the Function Generator:
1. Precise frequency adjustments for accurate signal output.
2. Multiple waveform options to suit diverse testing needs.
3. A user-friendly interface for quick and ecient operation.
Function Generator is an essential tool for any electronics lab, oering exibility and
precision for a wide range of applications. The employment of cheap parts providing
sucient performances is foreseen within the frame of this project. The resulting de-
sign becomes a means of instruction for hands-on awareness of techniques of waveform
generation in lab work.
Page 24 of 140
1.6 Motivation
An aordable and adequately engineered Function Generator is a major requirement for
electronic experiments in general and ELP101 in specic. While the broader electronics
market is substantial, our initial focus is on equipping educational institutions, specif-
ically those conducting introductory electronics laboratory courses similar to ELP101.
These labs form the bedrock of electronics education, introducing students to fundamen-
tal circuit concepts and signal manipulation. Currently, many institutions rely on older,
less versatile equipment or face budget constraints when acquiring modern function
generators.
Our product aims to bridge this gap by oering a cost-eective solution with
comparable capabilities compared to commonly used, basic function generators. While
alternatives like the XR2206 (a DIY function generator kit) [
38] exist, our product oers
a
superior frequency range (10 MHz vs. 1 MHz) at a comparable or lower price
point, directly beneting institutions with limited budgets. This improved performance
allows students to explore a wider range of experiments and gain a deeper understanding
of signal behavior.
This targeted approach to the educational market allows for ecient development
and production scaling appropriate for the initial demand. While we acknowledge the
potential for wider applications in hobbyist communities and small businesses in the long
term, our primary objective is to provide a reliable and capable tool for foundational
electronics education, starting with institutions conducting courses akin to ELP101.
This focused strategy allows us to establish a strong foothold in a key segment before
considering expansion into other markets. The product will still deliver multiple waveform
generations (sine, square, triangle, ramp, and pulse), adjustable output signal amplitude
(Vpp), and DC oset capabilities, meeting the core requirements of these educational labs.
Our maintenance strategy will prioritize rapid support for these educational institutions,
ensuring minimal disruption to lab schedules.
Page 25 of 140
2. Requirements
2.1 Functional Requirements
2.1.1 Input Requirements
1. Control Interfaces:
• Physical rotary knobs for coarse adjustments.[17]
• Additional knob for ner adjustment of frequency values.[17]
2. Modulation Inputs:
• Supports Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and
Phase Modulation (PM) modulation modes.
3. Additional Inputs:
• Toggle switches for function selection.[34]
• 2/3-pin input connectors for external components.
• A Printed Circuit Board (PCB), onto which components would be soldered.[14]
2.1.2 Output Requirements
1. Display Module (20x4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)): [3]
• HD44780 Compatible 20x4 LCD.
• Capable of displaying 20 characters per line and 4 lines.
• Allows clear visualization of frequency, amplitude, and waveform type.
• Contrast adjustable via a 10kΩ potentiometer.[31]
2. Waveform Types: Sine, square, triangular, pulse, ramp, TTL.
3. Output Impedance: Congured to 50 Ω for compatibility with standard test
equipment.
4. Waveform Accuracy: Less than 1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for sine
waves.
5. Waveform Symmetry: Adjustable from 1% to 99% (duty cycle).
26
6. Voltage Oset: Programmable Direct Current (DC) oset adjustable between -5
V and +5V.
7. Frequency Precision: Accuracy within 0.01% of the programmed value.
8. Frequency Resolution: Fine adjustments of the order of 1 mHz.
9. Signal Stability: Output frequency drift not exceeding 0.01%.
10. Amplitude Range: Adjustable output from 0 to 5 V (peak-to-peak) with a reso-
lution of 0.01V.
11. Output Connectors:
• BNC(Female) connectors for high-quality signal output.
• Optional backlight connection via a 220Ω resistor for current limiting.
2.1.3 Power Requirements
1. Power Consumption: Maximum 20 W under full load.
2. Voltage Compatability: Requires a standard Alternating Current (AC) input
(220 V/50 Hz).
2.1.4 Logistical Requirements
1. Accessories: Supplied with BNC cables, probes, knobs, and a user manual.
2. Carry Case: Optional carry case for portability.
2.1.5 Environmental Requirements
1. Operating Temperature: Functional from 0
◦
C to 50
◦
C.
2. Storage Temperature: Safe storage from -20
◦
C to 70
◦
C.
3. Humidity Resistance: Operates in environments with up to 80% relative humid-
ity (non-condensing).
4. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Compliance: Meets regulatory standards such as FCC and CE compliance.
2.1.6 Site (Usage Site) Requirements
1. Laboratory Use: Designed for standard electronics laboratories with clean and
stable workbenches.
2. Power Outlet Compatibility: Supports both EU and US power outlet standards
with adapters.
Page 27 of 140
2.1.7 Structural Requirements
1. Chassis: Durable recycled plastic enclosure with heat resistance.
2. Control Panel:
• Intuitive layout with labeled controls.
• Backlit buttons for visibility in low-light conditions.
3. Protective Measures:
• Fuse for circuit protection.
• Shielding to minimize interference and protect internal components.
2.1.8 Time Requirements
1. Design Time Requirement: Development and testing to be completed within 6
months.
2. Time to Market Requirement: Ready for commercial launch within 9 months
from project initiation.
3. Lifetime Requirements: Guaranteed operational life of at least 5 years with
proper maintenance.
4. End of Life Requirements: Must support recycling and environmentally safe
disposal of components.
2.2 Non-Functional Requirements
2.2.1 Aesthetic Design
1. Aesthetic Design: Modern, sleek appearance with an ergonomic design.
2.2.2 Safety
1. Safety: Certied for safety under International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
61010-1 standards.
2.2.3 Serviceability
1. Serviceability: Modular design for easy part replacement.
2.2.4 Reliability
1. Reliability: Mean Time Between Failures (Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF))
of at least 10,000 operational hours.
Page 28 of 140
3. Specications
3.1 Hardware Specications
The project utilizes the ATmega328P microcontroller, a widely used 8-bit microcontroller
known for its eciency and versatility. The key hardware specications are as follows:
• Processor: ATmega328P, a high-performance, low-power 8-bit AVR microcon-
troller.
• Memory:
– 32KB of in-system programmable ash memory.
– 2KB of SRAM.
– 1KB of EEPROM with 100,000 write/erase cycles.
• Architecture: Advanced RISC architecture with 131 instructions, most executed
in a single clock cycle, enabling up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz.
• Clock Speed: Supports up to 16 MHz clock frequency.
• Power Consumption:
– Active mode: 1.5mA at 4 MHz and 3V.
– Power-down mode: As low as 1µA.
• Operating Voltage Range: 2.7V to 5.5V, suitable for automotive and industrial
applications.
• Peripherals:
– 6 PWM channels.
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC.
– USART, SPI, and I²C communication protocols.
– Three Timer/Counters: Two 8-bit and one 16-bit.
– Interrupt and wake-up on pin change.
• I/O Pins: 23 programmable I/O lines.
• Temperature Range: Operates between -40°C and +125°C.
• Programming: In-system programming with onboard bootloader and SPI inter-
face.
29
• Quality Standards: Manufactured according to ISO-TS-16949 and veried with
AEC-Q100 Grade 1 standards [9].
3.2 Software Specications
The software specications for the project include:
• Development Environment: Arduino IDE for programming and uploading sketches
to the ATmega328P microcontroller.
• Programming Language: C/C++ for rmware development.
• Libraries:
– Standard Arduino libraries for GPIO, PWM, ADC, I²C, and SPI.
– Additional custom libraries for specic project needs.
• Simulation and Testing Tools:
– Proteus or TinkerCAD for circuit simulation and debugging.
• Version Control: Git for source code management and collaboration.
• Additional Features: Integration with Arduino Cloud Editor for remote pro-
gramming and debugging.
3.3 Comparative Analysis: Arduino Uno vs. Ar-
duino Nano
For our function generator project, we selected the Arduino Uno over the Nano due
to its beginner-friendly features, better stability, and ease of expansion. A comparison of
key factors is provided below: [8]
• Beginner-Friendly Design: The Uno features a USB Type-B connector, avoid-
ing driver issues common with the Nano’s micro-USB. It also has a barrel jack
for stable power input, making it easier to use.
• Easy Hardware Integration: Unlike the Nano, the Uno supports plug-and-
play shields, reducing wiring complexity and making hardware expansion easier.
• Better Stability & Debugging: While both have a USB-to-serial converter, the
Uno is more reliable and requires fewer driver installations. Its larger PCB also
improves heat dissipation and durability.
3.4 Comparative Analysis: Sine Wave using Arduino
Uno vs Using RC Filter
Analysis is being done in the context of application in ELP101 laboratory experiments.
Page 30 of 140
3.4.1 Function Generator & Amplier Performance
Objective
• Analyze whether ampliers generate the expected functionality using a function
generator.
Voltage Follower
• A voltage follower (buer) ideally produces an output identical to the input.
• It has high input impedance and low output impedance.
• Real-world performance is aected by the op-amp’s nite slew rate.
Eect with Step Wave Input
• The op-amp lags behind rapid input changes due to slew rate limitations.
• Overshoot and ringing may occur if the input step changes too quickly.
• This eect is critical in high-speed applications where signal integrity is a concern.
Eect with RC Filtered Input
• The RC lter smooths transitions, reducing abrupt input changes. [26]
• The output follows the input more closely, ensuring better signal isolation.
• However, at high frequencies, RC lters introduce:
– Attenuation
– Phase shifts
– Distortions that may aect the op-amp’s behavior
Comparison
• In low-frequency applications, RC ltering provides a more stable and predictable
output than a step wave.
Inverting and Non-Inverting Ampliers
• Op-amp ampliers in inverting and non-inverting congurations react dierently
based on the input waveform.
Eect with Step Wave Input
• Fast transitions in the step signal can exceed the op-amp’s slew rate, causing:
– Distortion or incomplete output steps
– Reduced accuracy in signal reproduction
Page 31 of 140
3.4.2 Eect with RC Filtered Input
• The smoother signal is easier for the amplier to process.
• However, attenuation and phase shifts can still alter the signal’s characteristics.
Slew Rate
• The slew rate of an op-amp is the maximum rate at which the output voltage
changes in response to a fast input signal.
• Expressed in volts per microsecond (V/µs), it determines how well an op-amp can
handle high-frequency or fast-transient signals.
3.4.3 Eect of Step or RC Signals Instead of Sinusoids
• Sinusoidal signals allow steady-state operation, while step or RC signals disrupt it.
Key Eects
• The circuit won’t settle, making it dicult to measure steady voltages or phases.[37]
• Phasor diagrams won’t apply as they are only valid for sinusoidal signals.
• Capacitor & inductor response changes produce:
– Sudden voltage/current spikes
– Oscillations instead of smooth behavior
• The oscilloscope will show uctuating signals, making comparisons with theoretical
predictions challenging.
3.4.4 Eects of Non-Sinusoidal Signals in Rectiers & Clippers
• Rectier (Diode): [23]
– Only positive (or negative) half-cycles of the stepped waveform appear in the
output.
– The steps remain in the waveform since the rectier does not smooth them.
– Amplitude alternates between rectied and zero regions.
• Clipper (Diodes):
– Clips signal at set levels, removing portions beyond a threshold.
– The remaining waveform still exhibits jitter and irregularities from the original
signal.
• Clamper:
– Shifts the waveform vertically while preserving its shape.
– The sharp step transitions remain unchanged as the clamper only aects the
DC level.
Page 32 of 140
3.5 Space specications
• Outer casing: The outer body of the function generator has dimensions of 20 cm
x 7.5 cm x 27.5 cm.
• Display: The area occupied by the display screen is 7.5 cm x 2.5 cm on the front
panel of the function generator.
3.6 Cost specications
Component Quantity Price per Unit
(Rs)
Total
(Rs)
LM741, SMD Opamp 5 9 45
Resistor 5k 10 0.4 4
Resistor 1k 10 0.5 5
Capacitor 1µF 2 8.55 17
3-Pin Potentiometer (10k) 4 30 120
Rotary Switches 3 30 90
Push Buttons 9 5 45
20x4 LCD Display with I2C Connector 1 275 275
Atmega328P Chip 1 161 161
Reset Button 2 8 16
Acrylic Sheet 2.5 sqft 20 50
Crystal Oscillator 16MHz 1 6 6
Voltage Regulator 5V, LM7805 2 10 20
Transformer 12-0-12, 500mA 1 76 76
BNC Connector (Female) 1 49 49
IC AD9833 1 250 250
LM7809 IC 1 8.5 9
470µF Capacitor 1 8.75 9
220µF Capacitor 1 4 4
104pF Capacitor 1 1 1
10k Resistor 6 0.5 3
1N4007 Diodes (1000V,1A) 8 1 8
Page 33 of 140
Component Quantity Price per Unit
(Rs)
Total
(Rs)
1000µF, 25V Capacitor 2 16 32
Voltage Regulator 12V, LM7812 2 9 18
Table 3.1: Components and Pricing
Total cost = Rs. 1312.35
3.7 Performance specications:
• Waveforms:
– Sine wave: Frequency range of 1 MHz to 10 MHz.
– Square wave: Frequency range of 1 MHz to 3 MHz.
– Triangular wave: Frequency range of 1 MHz to 3 MHz.
– Pulse wave: Adjustable duty cycle (1% –99%), frequency up to 3 MHz.
– Ramp wave: Frequency range of 1 MHz to 3MHz.
– TTL wave: Frequency range of 1 MHz to 3 MHz.
• Front panel: Contains knobs and switches to alternate between modes, and set
the parameters of the wave to be generated, through both coarse and ne tuning.
Page 34 of 140
3.8 Milestone Specications
Table 3.2: CAD Milestones and Sub tasks
Milestone Description Subtasks Weightage Total
Weigh-
tage
Date
CAD
Outer casing
of dimensions
20 cm x 7.5
cm x 27.5 cm
in (.CAD extension
le)
3
Isometric view 0.5
Top view 0.5
Front view 0.5
Right view 0.5 5
Display of 7.5
cm x 2.5 cm
in (.CAD extension
le)
3
Isometric view 0.5
Top view 0.5
Front view 0.5
Right view 0.5 5
4 poles for
support,
to provide
an elevated
platform for
the function
generator
in (.CAD extension
le)
3
Isometric view 0.5
Top view 0.5
Front view 0.5
Right view 0.5 5
Buttons
and knobs
for setting
frequency
modes, ne
and coarse
tuning of
wave parame-
ters
in (.CAD extension
le)
3
Isometric view 0.5
Top view 0.5
Page 35 of 140
Milestone Description Subtasks Weightage Total
Weigh-
tage
Date
Front view 0.5
Right view 0.5 5
Consolidated
CAD le
in (.CAD extension
le)
5 5 04/02/25
Total Weightage 25
Table 3.3: Software Simulations Milestones and Sub tasks
Milestone Description Sub tasks Weightage Total
Weigh-
tage
Date
Software
simulations
Chip
programming
Code for generating
dierent types of
waves
14
Sine wave
4
Square wave
2
TTL wave
2
Triangle wave
2
Pulse wave
2
Ramp wave
2
Display
programming
Programming the
display to show
details of the set
waveforms
5 5
Achieving
milestones
Compilation of
results from
past weeks
6 6 05/02/25
Total weightage 25
Page 36 of 140
Milestone Description Sub tasks Weightage Total
Weigh-
tage
Date
Fabrication
Container
as described
in the nal
CAD model,
along with 4
poles at the
bottom to
stabilize the
function gen-
erator body,
having power
supply ports
and other
ports for
connection
purposes.
Required size 4
16
Poles 4
Stable 4
Ports 4
The front
panel has
buttons and
knobs for
switching
on, changing
waveform,
adjusting
frequency,
amplitude,
and overall
display.
Buttons 3
9
Knobs 3
Display 3 06/02/25
Total Weightage 25
Page 37 of 140
Milestone Description Sub tasks Weightage Total
Weigh-
tage
Date
DEMO
Similar dis-
play and
front panel of
FG as that in
the lab
4 4
Button
presses work
as intended
4 4
All types of
waves are
generated
at required
frequencies
and alternate
on button
press
Sine wave 2
12
Square wave 2
Triangular wave 2
Pulse wave 2
Ramp wave 2
TTL wave 2
Milestones 1,
2, and 3 are
completed
5 5 07/02/25
Total Weightage 25
Page 38 of 140
3.9 Man-hour specications
3.9.1 Man-hours
Table 3.6: Man-hours invested
S.no Role Name Entry No Hours
1 Tribe Coordinator and Hard-
ware Design and Fabrication
Saiyam Jain 2022MT11962 16.0
2 Deputy Tribe Coordinator and
Documentation
Shivaani Hari 2022MT11273 16.0
3 Activity Coordinator-
Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Vagesh Mahajan 2022MT11260 14.0
4 Activity Coordinator-Software Shrenik Mohan
Sakala
2022MT11920 14.0
5 Activity Coordinator-Testing
and Debugging (Hardware)
Madhav Mahesh-
wari
2022MT61975 10.0
6 Activity Coordinator-Market
Survey and Research
Rahul Athipatla 2022MT11277 9.0
7 Activity Coordinator-
Documentation
Nilay Sharma 2022MT12007 16.0
8 Market Survey and Research Aahna Jain 2022MT11930 8.0
9 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Abhishek Kumar
Singh
2022MT11276 8.0
10 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Abhishek Singh 2022MT11934 11.0
11 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Adarsh Singh 2022MT11285 9.0
12 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Aditya Goyal 2022EE31761 7.0
13 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Aditya Raj 2022MT61980 7.0
14 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Ajaypal Kulhari 2022EE11711 10.0
15 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Aman Divya 2022MT11293 7.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 39 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Hours
16 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Ambhore Soham
Bhaskar
2022EE11713 10.0
17 Software Arnav Tiwari 2022MT11267 10.0
18 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Arpit Mourya 2022EE11728 10.0
19 Market Survey and Research Ashmit Nangia 2022EE11989 7.0
20 Market Survey and Research Ayush Nayak 2022MT11958 8.0
21 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Ayush Raj 2022MT11944 7.0
22 Software Chintada Srini-
vasarao
2022MT11924 9.0
23 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Deevyansh Khadria 2022EE31883 9.0
24 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Dev Singh 2022MT11143 8.0
25 Software Devansh Upadhyay 2022MT11931 8.0
26 Software Dhruv Chaurasiya 2022MT11172 9.0
27 Software Galla Yaswant
Venkata Ramana
2022EE11687 8.0
28 Market Survey and Research Gauri Agarwal 2021EE10715 7.0
29 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Ishan Bankal 2022EE31779 7.0
30 Documentation Ishant Yadav 2022MT11397 9.0
31 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Jenit Jain 2022EE11690 14.0
32 Documentation Kabir Uberoi 2022MT61202 12.0
33 Market Survey and Research Kaneesha Jain 2022MT11929 10.0
34 Documentation Keshav Rai 2022MT61968 9.0
35 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Khushi Gupta 2022MT61973 9.0
36 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Krish Singh 2022MT61303 8.0
37 Software Lakshaya Jain 2022MT11933 8.0
38 Documentation Madhav Biyani 2022EE11321 9.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 40 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Hours
39 Software Manas Goyal 2022MT11918 11.0
40 Software Mukul Sahu 2022MT11939 10.0
41 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Nagure Kalyani
Paramanand
2022MT61983 9.0
42 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Naman Kale 2022MT11960 9.0
43 Software Nimkar Abhinav
Yashwant
2022MT11943 10.0
44 Software Niraj Agarwal 2022MT11921 10.0
45 Software Niranjan Rajeev 2022EE11766 8.0
46 Software Nobin Kidangan
Benny
2022EE11154 10.0
47 Documentation Ojas Sharma 2022EE31746 8.0
48 Documentation Om Goel 2022MT12071 10.0
49 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Parth Bhardwaj 2022MT11257 8.0
50 Documentation Pratyush Sharma 2022MT61970 9.0
51 Market Survey and Research Pratyush Shrivas-
tava
2022EE11660 8.0
52 Software Praveen Lakhara 2022MT11280 9.0
53 Software Priyansh Prakash
Mayank
2022MT11954 10.0
54 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Priyanshu Jindal 2022EE11668 9.0
55 Software Punit Meena 2022EE11184 11.0
56 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Rahul Rajoria 2022MT11947 9.0
57 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Raman Jakhar 2022MT11941 7.0
58 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Ranjan Kumar
Singh
2022MT61304 9.0
59 Software Rijul Rudrax Barot 2022EE11664 8.0
60 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Rudranil Naskar 2022MT11287 6.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 41 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Hours
61 Documentation Sachin Hiren
Trivedi
2022EE11190 8.0
62 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Saksham Kumar
Rohilla
2022EE11709 10.0
63 Market Survey and Research Sanya Sachan 2022MT11286 9.0
64 Software Sarthak Gangwal 2022MT11275 8.0
65 Market Survey and Research Satvik Prasad S 2022MT11279 8.0
66 Documentation Shashwat Kasliwal 2022MT11915 9.0
67 Documentation Shivang Goyal 2022MT11269 9.0
68 Software Siddharth Saini 2022MT11283 9.0
69 Market Research and Survey Siya Gupta 2022MT11274 7.0
70 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Sparsh Jain 2022MT11917 9.0
71 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Suhani Soni 2022MT61981 8.0
72 Software Sumit Sonowal 2022MT11296 10.0
73 Software Suneel Masarapu 2022MT11942 9.0
74 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Sushil Kumar 2022EE31765 9.0
75 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Syna Rajvanshi 2022MT61974 10.0
76 Market Survey and Research Tanya Jain 2022MT11935 9.0
77 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Taru Singhal 2022MT11922 8.0
78 Testing and Debugging (Hard-
ware)
Tatsam Ranjan
Sharma
2022MT61969 9.0
79 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Tirth Punit Gol-
wala
2022MT11967 10.0
80 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Tushar Goyal 2022MT11266 10.0
81 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Umang Agarwal 2022EE11692 8.0
82 Documentation Utkarsh Dubey 2022MT61045 10.0
Table continues on the next page
Page 42 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Hours
83 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Vatsal Manish Sej-
pal
2022MT11926 9.0
84 Hardware Design and Fabrica-
tion
Viha Singla 2022MT61972 9.0
85 Documentation Yuvraj Singh 2022EE11715 7.0
3.9.2 Skillset
Table 3.7: Skillset acquired
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
1 Tribe Coordinator and
Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Saiyam Jain 2022MT11962 L
A
T
E
X, soldering
2 Deputy Tribe Coordi-
nator and Documen-
tation
Shivaani Hari 2022MT11273 L
A
T
E
X, Zotero, solder-
ing
3 Activity Coordinator-
Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Vagesh Mahajan 2022MT11260 RDWorks
4 Activity Coordinator-
Software
Shrenik Mohan
Sakala
2022MT11920 Arduino programming
using TinkerCAD,
SimulIDE
5 Activity Coordinator-
Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Madhav Mahesh-
wari
2022MT61975 FreeCADweb
6 Activity Coordinator-
Market Survey and
Research
Rahul Athipatla 2022MT11277 Stakeholder Analysis,
Cost Optimisation
7 Activity Coordinator-
Documentation
Nilay Sharma 2022MT12007 L
A
T
E
X, Zotero
8 Market Survey and
Research
Aahna Jain 2022MT11930 Cost analysis from dif-
ferent websites
9 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Abhishek Kumar
Singh
2022MT11276 FreeCADweb and
L
A
T
E
X
10 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Abhishek Singh 2022MT11934 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
Table continues on the next page
Page 43 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
11 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Adarsh Singh 2022MT11285 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
12 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Aditya Goyal 2022EE31761 FreeCADweb
13 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Aditya Raj 2022MT61980 Circuit building
14 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Ajaypal Kulhari 2022EE11711 Circuit Design
15 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Aman Divya 2022MT11293 FreeCADweb
16 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Ambhore Soham
Bhaskar
2022EE11713 Arduino functions like
Analogwrite().RC Fil-
ters
17 Software Arnav Tiwari 2022MT11267 TinkerCAD,SimulIDE
18 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Arpit Mourya 2022EE11728 PCB software LTM
19 Market Survey and
Research
Ashmit Nangia 2022EE11989 Market Analysis
20 Market Survey and
Research
Ayush Nayak 2022MT11958 Stakeholder Analysis,
Cost Optimisation
21 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Ayush Raj 2022MT11944 Market base analysis
22 Software Chintada Srini-
vasarao
2022MT11924 Circuit Simulation
in TinkerCAD and
SimulIDE
23 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Deevyansh Khadria 2022EE31883 Circuit Simulation in
SimulIDE
24 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Dev Singh 2022MT11143 Circuit Analysis
25 Software Devansh Upadhyay 2022MT11931 Circuit Design
26 Software Dhruv Chaurasiya 2022MT11172 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD
27 Software Galla Yaswant
Venkata Ramana
2022EE11687 Basics of TinkerCAD
28 Market Survey and
Research
Gauri Agarwal 2021EE10715 Stakeholder Analysis
Table continues on the next page
Page 44 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
29 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Ishan Bankal 2022EE31779 Circuit Analysis,
GitHub
30 Documentation Ishant Yadav 2022MT11397 L
A
T
E
X
31 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Jenit Jain 2022EE11690 Circuit simulation in
LTspice
32 Documentation Kabir Uberoi 2022MT61202 L
A
T
E
X, PlantText
33 Market Survey and
Research
Kaneesha Jain 2022MT11929 Cost analysis and op-
timization
34 Documentation Keshav Rai 2022MT61968 L
A
T
E
X
35 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Khushi Gupta 2022MT61973 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
36 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Krish Singh 2022MT61303 Circuit Analysis
37 Software Lakshaya Jain 2022MT11933 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD
38 Documentation Madhav Biyani 2022EE11321 L
A
T
E
X
39 Software Manas Goyal 2022MT11918 Arduino programming
using TinkerCAD,
SimulIDE
40 Software Mukul Sahu 2022MT11939 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD, Wokwi,
Basic Display Pro-
gramming
41 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Nagure Kalyani
Paramanand
2022MT61983 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
42 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Naman Kale 2022MT11960 FreeCADweb
43 Software Nimkar Abhinav
Yashwant
2022MT11943 TinkerCAD,WOKWI
circuit simulations for
display programming
using LiquidCrystal
I2C
44 Software Niraj Agarwal 2022MT11921 TinkerCAD
45 Software Niranjan Rajeev 2022EE11766 TinkerCAD
46 Software Nobin Kidangan
Benny
2022EE11154 TinkerCAD, Wokwi
Table continues on the next page
Page 45 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
47 Documentation Ojas Sharma 2022EE31746 L
A
T
E
X
48 Documentation Om Goel 2022MT12071 L
A
T
E
X, PlantText
49 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Parth Bhardwaj 2022MT11257 L
A
T
E
X
50 Documentation Pratyush Sharma 2022MT61970 L
A
T
E
X
51 Market Survey and
Research
Pratyush Shrivas-
tava
2022EE11660 Cost Optimization,
L
A
T
E
X
52 Software Praveen Lakhara 2022MT11280 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD
53 Software Priyansh Prakash
Mayank
2022MT11954 Circuit simulation in
WOKWI and Tinker-
CAD for LiquidCrys-
tal I2C display pro-
gramming
54 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Priyanshu Jindal 2022EE11668 Altium, LtSpice Simu-
lations
55 Software Punit Meena 2022EE11184 TinkerCAD, Wokwi
56 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Rahul Rajoria 2022MT11947 TinkerCAD
57 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Raman Jakhar 2022MT11941 TinkerCAD
58 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Ranjan Kumar
Singh
2022MT61304 using tools and tech-
niques to nd and x
problems in hardware
and software.
59 Software Rijul Rudrax Barot 2022EE11664 TinkerCAD
60 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Rudranil Naskar 2022MT11287 FreeCADweb, L
A
T
E
X
61 Documentation Sachin Hiren
Trivedi
2022EE11190 L
A
T
E
X
62 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Saksham Kumar
Rohilla
2022EE11709 Circuit Design
63 Market Survey and
Research
Sanya Sachan 2022MT11286 Selecting the best
market option based
on quality, price, and
specic needs
Table continues on the next page
Page 46 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
64 Software Sarthak Gangwal 2022MT11275 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD, Wokwi,
Basic Display Pro-
gramming
65 Market Survey and
Research
Satvik Prasad S 2022MT11279 Analyzing com-
ponents and It’s
evaluating market
value .
66 Documentation Shashwat Kasliwal 2022MT11915 L
A
T
E
X
67 Documentation Shivang Goyal 2022MT11269 L
A
T
E
X
68 Software Siddharth Saini 2022MT11283 TinkerCAD
69 Market Research and
Survey
Siya Gupta 2022MT11274 Cost analysis
70 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Sparsh Jain 2022MT11917 FreeCADweb
71 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Suhani Soni 2022MT61981 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
72 Software Sumit Sonowal 2022MT11296 Circuit Simulations in
TinkerCAD
73 Software Suneel Masarapu 2022MT11942 Circuit Simulations in
SimulIDE
74 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Sushil Kumar 2022EE31765 Circuit Design
75 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Syna Rajvanshi 2022MT61974 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
76 Market Survey and
Research
Tanya Jain 2022MT11947 Optimal cost estima-
tion techniques, re-
search
77 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Taru Singhal 2022MT11922 L
A
T
E
Xand FreeCAD-
web
78 Testing and Debug-
ging (Hardware)
Tatsam Ranjan
Sharma
2022MT61969 3-D Modelling
79 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Tirth Punit Gol-
wala
2022MT11967 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
80 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Tushar Goyal 2022MT11266 TinkerCAD
Table continues on the next page
Page 47 of 140
S.no Role Name Entry No Skillset
81 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Umang Agarwal 2022EE11692 Circuit analysis
82 Documentation Utkarsh Dubey 2022MT61045 L
A
T
E
X, Project Libre
83 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Vatsal Manish Sej-
pal
2022MT11926 RDWorks
84 Hardware Design and
Fabrication
Viha Singla 2022MT61972 RDWorks, Laser Cut-
ting
85 Documentation Yuvraj Singh 2022EE11715
3.9.3 How Assignment was Done
We divided the assignments among the team members based on their individual strengths
and preferences. This was achieved by documenting each member’s skillset and areas of
interest. We strategically assigned tasks, such as delegating the majority of hardware and
debugging responsibilities to Electrical Engineering students, and assigning documenta-
tion and software development to Mathematics students respectively. This approach fos-
tered a highly coordinated and ecient team where each member eectively contributed
to the project’s timely completion.
3.9.4 Surplus Manpower
To date, the project has progressed smoothly without encountering any instances of sur-
plus manpower. Proactive resource allocation and regular progress reviews have ensured
that team members are eectively utilized and their skills are aligned with the project’s
evolving needs. This proactive approach minimizes the risk of under utilization and allows
for ecient and timely task completion.
3.9.5 TRL Description
Our design of the function generator is currently at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 2.
This indicates that the concept and application have been formulated but the technology
is still in the early research and development stage. The design has not yet been proto-
typed or validated through testing and evaluation, and further research, prototyping and
optimization is required to move it towards a more advanced prototype.
Page 48 of 140
4. Design
4.1 Model
4.1.1 Parts of Model
The function generator model consists of various parts that play a crucial role in its
operation and usability:
Outer Casing
The outer casing provides structural support and protection for internal components. It
ensures durability and safeguards the internal circuitry from external damage.
Display
The display shows waveform details, frequency, and amplitude settings for user interac-
tion. It allows users to monitor and adjust parameters eectively.
Support Poles
Support poles elevate the function generator body, providing stability and ensuring the
device remains securely positioned during operation.
Buttons and Knobs
Buttons and knobs allow users to switch modes, change waveforms, and adjust parame-
ters. They form the primary means of manual control over the function generator.
Ports
Ports facilitate power input and connectivity with external devices for signal transmission.
They enable integration with other electronic equipment for various applications.
Front Panel
The front panel serves as the main user interface, integrating all buttons, knobs, and the
display. It provides an organized layout for user-friendly operation.
49
Switch from Arduino to IC AD9833
After the simulations were successful, we tried practically trying out waveform genera-
tion using Arduino. However, we encountered a few practical limitations, including the
small frequency range. At high frequencies, the waveforms exhibited distortions that to
some degree were corrected using lters. However there were practical limitations on the
achievable frequencies and given our objective to design our function generator as close
to the specications of the original one, we wanted to reach frequencies in the range of
MHz. Hence on research, we decided to switch to IC AD9833 which facilitates the gen-
eration of square, triangle, and sine waves up to the necessary frequencies hence solving
our purpose.
4.2 Demo Function Generator Design and Working
Our function generator is designed to replicate some of the essential features of an indus-
trial function generator while maintaining cost-eectiveness and simplicity.
4.2.1 Design
The demo function generator features a simplied yet eective design:
• Plastic outer casing for lightweight portability and cost eciency.
• 20x4 LCD display for showing frequency, waveform type, and amplitude settings.
• ATmega328P microcontroller for generating and controlling waveform outputs.
• Rotary knobs and push buttons for adjusting frequency, waveform type, and
amplitude.
• BNC output connector for interfacing with oscilloscopes and other test equip-
ment.
• Power supply module that converts 220V AC to 12V DC for stable operation.
4.2.2 Working
The demo function generator operates through a structured process:
1. The user selects the waveform type and frequency using rotary knobs and but-
tons.
2. The ATmega328P microcontroller processes the input and generates the cor-
responding waveform digitally.
3. The waveform is passed through a low-pass lter to smooth out digital artifacts.
4. The processed signal is amplied and made available through the BNC output
port.
5. The LCD display continuously updates with real-time information about the se-
lected waveform and settings.
Page 50 of 140
Start
User selects waveform & frequency
ATmega328P processes input
Low-pass lter smooths signal
Signal is amplied
BNC Output Port delivers signal
LCD updates
End
Figure 4.1: Flowchart of the Function Generator Working
This demo function generator provides a cost-eective yet functional alternative to
industrial models, making it suitable for educational and small-scale testing applications.
4.3 CAD Models
4.3.1 Outer Casing
The outer casing provides structural support and protection for internal components. It
ensures durability and safeguards the internal circuitry from external damage.
Page 51 of 140
Figure 4.6: Drawing of Outer Casing(Produced using FreeCADweb)
4.3.2 Display
The display shows waveform details, frequency, and amplitude settings for user interac-
tion. It allows users to monitor and adjust parameters eectively.
Figure 4.7: Isometric view of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb)
Page 54 of 140
Figure 4.11: Drawing of Display(Produced using FreeCADweb)
4.3.3 Support Poles
The support poles elevate the function generator body, providing stability and ensuring
the device remains securely positioned during operation.
Figure 4.12: Isometric view of Support Poles(Produced using FreeCADweb)
Page 56 of 140
4.3.5 Potentiometer Knobs
The knobs allow users to adjust parameters such as amplitude and frequency. They
provide precise control over waveform settings.
Figure 4.22: Isometric View of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb)
Figure 4.23: Top View of Potentiometer knob(Produced using FreeCADweb)
Page 61 of 140
Figure 4.36: Drawing of Reset Button(Produced using FreeCADweb)
4.4 Types of Waveform & their Generation
4.4.1 Square Wave
The square wave is generated by toggling a digital pin between HIGH and LOW states
based on a delay controlled by user input, such as a potentiometer. This delay determines
the frequency of the output waveform. Square waves are fundamental in digital systems,
where they are used to represent binary logic, generate clock signals, and test digital
circuits. The ATmega328P microcontroller processes the input, updates the LCD to
reect changes, and sends the waveform through the output port for testing or control
applications.
4.4.2 Ramp Wave
The ramp wave is created by charging and discharging a capacitor in a controlled manner,
producing a voltage that linearly decreases over time. The slope of the waveform is
determined by the input provided to the microcontroller, which manages the timing for
the charging and discharging cycle. Ramp waves are commonly used in analog signal
processing, oscilloscopes, and radar systems. However, care must be taken to avoid
distortion caused by exceeding the bandwidth limitations of the circuit.
Page 69 of 140
4.4.3 Sine Wave
The sine wave is generated using a predened lookup table of sine values stored in memory,
which the microcontroller outputs periodically using a timer interrupt. This approach
ensures smooth and continuous waveforms, with the frequency adjustable via user input.
Sine waves are widely used in signal analysis, testing analog lters, and generating carrier
signals for communication systems. The low-pass lter smooths the output, and the
waveform is delivered through an amplied port.
4.4.4 Triangular Wave
The triangular wave is formed by linearly increasing and then decreasing the signal’s
voltage using pulse-width modulation (PWM). The duty cycle is incremented and decre-
mented systematically, creating a waveform with a consistent rise and fall. This waveform
is ideal for audio signal processing, testing linear circuit responses, and controlling motors.
The ATmega328P processes the input, adjusts the waveform parameters, and delivers the
signal through the output port for various applications.
4.4.5 Pulse Wave
The pulse wave is generated by toggling a digital output pin based on a duty cycle, which is
dened by the load factor. Instead of using traditional delay-based methods, this program
utilizes the millis() function to calculate elapsed time, allowing the program to remain
responsive to other tasks or inputs. The load factor determines the proportion of time
the signal stays in the HIGH state during a complete time period. This method provides
precise control over the waveform’s duty cycle and frequency without interrupting the
microcontroller’s functionality. Pulse waves are widely used in applications such as PWM-
based motor speed control, LED dimming, and signal modulation. By relying on a
non-blocking approach, the program ensures accurate and exible pulse generation while
maintaining overall system responsiveness.
4.5 Voltage Amplitude Control
Figure 4.23 focuses on a simplied circuit for amplitude control.
• The 1 kΩ potentiometer directly controls the amplitude of the square wave signal
from the function generator.
• By increasing or decreasing resistance, it modies how much of the input signal is
passed to the output.
The graph shows how adjusting the potentiometer changes the amplitude of the square
wave without aecting its frequency.
Page 70 of 140
Figure 4.37: Voltage Amplitude Variation(Produced using TinkerCAD)
4.6 DC Oset Control
Figure 4.24 demonstrates how a function generator produces a waveform with adjustable
DC Oset. Key components include:
• Operational Amplier (Op-Amp): The op-amp is congured as an amplier
to amplify the oset signal. The amplication is controlled by the feedback resistor
and input resistor ratio.
• Voltage Divider (Potentiometer): The 1 kΩ potentiometer adjusts the input
voltage to the op-amp. By varying the potentiometer, the input signal’s amplitude
changes, which is reected in the output waveform.
• Resistor: Fixed resistors (10 kΩ) set the gain of the op-amp and stabilize the
circuit.
• Output: The output waveform’s amplitude is directly proportional to the input
voltage adjusted by the potentiometer.
The waveform displayed on the right conrms that changing the potentiometer alters
the amplitude of the generated signal by changing the DC oset.
Page 71 of 140
4.8 Arduino Code
Our function generator is programmed using Arduino to generate dierent waveforms,
including square, ramp, sine, and triangular waves. The following sections provide the
Arduino code for each waveform.
4.8.1 Code for Square Wave
1 void setup() {
2 pinMode(A0, INPUT);
3 // Set pin A0 as an input to read from the potentiometer
4 pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
5 // Set pin 7 as an output to generate the square wave
6 }
7
8 void loop() {
9 int d = analogRead(A0);
10 // Read the potentiometer value to control the frequency of the wave
11 digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
12 // Set pin 7 HIGH (turn ON the output signal)
13 delay(d);
14 // Wait for 'd' milliseconds (controls the pulse width)
15 digitalWrite(7, LOW);
16 // Set pin 7 LOW (turn OFF the output signal)
17 delay(d);
18 // Wait for 'd' milliseconds (completing the cycle)
19 }
4.8.2 Code for Ramp Wave
1 /*
2 Negative Slope Ramp Wave Generation
3
4 - Not all frequency ranges produce a proper ramp waveform due to
5 the filtering effect of the capacitor in the circuit.
6 - There is a bandwidth limitation for the input signal.
7 - Changing the frequency or amplitude too quickly can distort
8 the output, likely due to capacitor overloading when exceeding
9 bandwidth limits.
10 - Stopping and restarting the simulation can sometimes resolve
11 the issue temporarily.
12 */
13
14 void setup() {
15 pinMode(A1, INPUT);
16 // Set pin A1 as an input to read from the potentiometer
17
18 pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
Page 73 of 140
19 // Set pin 4 as an output to generate the ramp wave signal
20 }
21
22 void loop() {
23 int input = analogRead(A1);
24 // Read the potentiometer value to control the frequency
25
26 digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
27 // Briefly set pin 4 HIGH (may be used to reset the signal)
28
29 delay(0.5);
30 // Very short delay (may not be effective, as delay() takes integer values)
31
32 digitalWrite(4, LOW);
33 // Set pin 4 LOW to start the ramp effect
34
35 delay(input);
36 // Delay based on potentiometer input, controlling ramp duration
37 }
4.8.3 Code for Sine Wave
1 #include <avr/interrupt.h>
2 // Include the AVR interrupt library for
3 //handling timer interrupts
4
5 #include <stdlib.h>
6 // Include the standard library for general functions
7
8 char sinetable[32];
9 // Define a lookup table for sine wave values
10
11 int i;
12 // Index variable for sine table iteration
13
14 int val = 0;
15 // Variable to store analog input value
16
17 void ioinit(void) {
18 DDRD = B11111111;
19 // Set all pins of PORTD as output
20
21 pinMode(A5, INPUT);
22 // Set pin A5 as an input to read from the potentiometer
23 }
24
25 void timer_setup() {
26 TCCR2A = 0;
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27 // Set Timer2 control register A to 0 (Normal mode)
28
29 TCNT2 = 455;
30 // Set Timer2 counter initial value, adjusting frequency (1.007 kHz output)
31
32 TCCR2B = B00000010;
33 // Set Timer2 prescaler to 8
34
35 TIMSK2 = 1 << TOIE2;
36 // Enable Timer2 overflow interrupt
37 }
38
39 void setup() {
40 Serial.begin(9600);
41 // Initialize serial communication at 9600 baud rate
42
43 ioinit();
44 // Call function to initialize I/O
45
46 arraysetup();
47 // Call function to set up sine wave lookup table
48
49 cli();
50 // Disable global interrupts before timer setup
51
52 timer_setup();
53 // Call function to configure Timer2
54
55 i = 0;
56 // Initialize sine table index
57
58 sei();
59 // Enable global interrupts
60
}
61
62 ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect) {
63 PORTD = (sinetable[i++]);
64 // Output sine wave value from the table to PORTD
65
66 TCNT2 = val / 4;
67 // Adjust Timer2 counter based on analog input value
68
69 if (i == 32) {
70 i = 0;
71 // Reset sine table index after completing one full cycle
72 }
73 }
74
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75 void arraysetup(void) {
76 sinetable[0] = 127;
77 sinetable[1] = 152;
78 sinetable[2] = 176;
79 sinetable[3] = 198;
80 sinetable[4] = 217;
81 sinetable[5] = 233;
82 sinetable[6] = 245;
83 sinetable[7] = 252;
84 sinetable[8] = 254;
85 sinetable[9] = 252;
86 sinetable[10] = 245;
87 sinetable[11] = 233;
88 sinetable[12] = 217;
89 sinetable[13] = 198;
90 sinetable[14] = 176;
91 sinetable[15] = 152;
92 sinetable[16] = 128;
93 sinetable[17] = 103;
94 sinetable[18] = 79;
95 sinetable[19] = 57;
96 sinetable[20] = 38;
97 sinetable[21] = 22;
98 sinetable[22] = 10;
99 sinetable[23] = 3;
100 sinetable[24] = 0;
101 sinetable[25] = 3;
102 sinetable[26] = 10;
103 sinetable[27] = 22;
104 sinetable[28] = 38;
105 sinetable[29] = 57;
106 sinetable[30] = 79;
107 sinetable[31] = 103;
108 // Populate sine table with 32 values forming a sine wave shape
109 }
110
111 void loop() {
112 val = analogRead(A5);
113 // Read the potentiometer value to adjust waveform parameters
114
115 Serial.println(val);
116 // Print the read value to the Serial Monitor
117 }
4.8.4 Code for Triangular Wave
1 #define OUTPUT_PWM_PIN 3
2 // Define pin 3 as the PWM output pin
Page 76 of 140
3
4 int x;
5 // Variable to store PWM values (0-255)
6
7 void setup()
8 {
9 pinMode(OUTPUT_PWM_PIN, OUTPUT);
10 // Set pin 3 as an output for PWM signal
11 }
12
13 void loop()
14 {
15 for (x = 0; x <= 255; x++)
16 {
17 analogWrite(OUTPUT_PWM_PIN, x);
18 // Gradually increase PWM duty cycle from 0 to 255
19
20 delay(2);
21 // Small delay to create a smooth fade-in effect
22 }
23
24 for (x = 255; x >= 0; x--)
25 {
26 analogWrite(OUTPUT_PWM_PIN, x);
27 // Gradually decrease PWM duty cycle from 255 to 0
28
29 delay(2);
30 // Small delay to create a smooth fade-out effect
31 }
32 }
4.8.5 Code for Pulse Wave
1 void setup()
2 {
3 pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
4 // Set pin 10 as an output
5 }
6
7 double load_factor = 0.4;
8 // Duty cycle of the signal (40% HIGH, 60% LOW)
9
10 int time_period = 1000;
11 // Total time period of one cycle in milliseconds (1 second)
12
13 int prev_time = 0;
14 // Stores the last time the signal was changed
15
Page 77 of 140
16 bool signal_high = false;
17 // Keeps track of the current signal state (HIGH or LOW)
18
19 void loop()
20 {
21 int curr_time = millis();
22 // Get the current time in milliseconds
23
24 if (signal_high)
25 {
26 if (curr_time - prev_time >= time_period * load_factor)
27 {
28 digitalWrite(10, LOW);
29 // Turn OFF the signal
30
31 signal_high = false;
32 // Update signal state to LOW
33
34 prev_time = curr_time;
35 // Update the last time the signal changed
36 }
37 }
38 else
39 {
40 if (curr_time - prev_time >= time_period * (1 - load_factor))
41 {
42 digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
43 // Turn ON the signal
44
45 signal_high = true;
46 // Update signal state to HIGH
47
48 prev_time = curr_time;
49 // Update the last time the signal changed
50 }
51 }
52 }
4.8.6 Code for LCD Display
1 #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> // Include the LiquidCrystal_I2C library for controlling the LCD
2 #include <Arduino.h> // Include the Arduino library
3
4 // Initialize the LCD object with address 0x27, 20 columns, and 4 rows
5 LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 20, 4);
6
7 // Function to display "hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh" on each line of the LCD
8 void displayy() {
Page 78 of 140
9 lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set the cursor to the first column of the first row
10 lcd.print("hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh"); // Print the string
11 lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // Set the cursor to the first column of the second row
12 lcd.print("hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh");
13 lcd.setCursor(0, 2); // Set the cursor to the first column of the third row
14 lcd.print("hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh");
15 lcd.setCursor(0, 3); // Set the cursor to the first column of the fourth row
16 lcd.print("hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh");
17 }
18
19 // Setup function runs once when the program starts
20 void setup() {
21 lcd.init(); // Initialize the LCD
22 lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the LCD backlight
23 displayy(); // Call the displayy function to show the pattern on the LCD
24 }
25
26 // Function to display waveform details on the LCD
27 void display_waveforms(long freq, int level, int attenuation, int wave_number) {
28 freq = freq % 1000000000; // Ensure the frequency is within the range
29 wave_number = wave_number % 5; // Ensure the waveform number is between 0 and 4
30 lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD screen
31
32 // Display basic information on the LCD
33 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
34 lcd.print("Synthesized FGN");
35 lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
36 lcd.print("Level:");
37 lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
38 lcd.print("Freq :");
39 lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
40 lcd.print("/10 X10 ");
41
42
// Convert frequency to KHz or MHz based on its value
43 String unit = "Hz";
44 long dec = 0;
45 if (freq >= 1000 && freq < 1000000) {
46 dec = freq % 1000;
47 freq = freq / 1000;
48 unit = String('K' + unit); // Use KHz
49 }
50 else if (freq >= 1000000 && freq < 1000000000) {
51 dec = freq % 1000000;
52 dec = dec / 1000;
53 freq = freq / 1000000;
54 unit = String('M' + unit); // Use MHz
55 }
56
Page 79 of 140
57 // Display level, frequency, and unit
58 lcd.setCursor(6, 1);
59 lcd.print(level);
60 lcd.print("Vp-p");
61 lcd.setCursor(6, 2);
62 lcd.print((freq / 100) % 10);
63 lcd.print(((freq % 100) / 10) % 10);
64 lcd.print(freq % 10);
65 lcd.print(".");
66 lcd.print((dec / 100) % 10);
67 lcd.print(((dec % 100) / 10) % 10);
68 lcd.print(dec % 10);
69 lcd.setCursor(14, 2);
70 lcd.print(unit);
71
72 // Display attenuation and waveform type
73 lcd.setCursor(14, 3);
74 lcd.print(attenuation);
75 lcd.print("dB");
76 lcd.setCursor(8, 3);
77 if (wave_number == 0) {
78 lcd.print("Sine");
79 }
80 else if (wave_number == 1) {
81 lcd.print("Sqr");
82 }
83 else if (wave_number == 2) {
84 lcd.print("Ramp");
85 }
86 else if (wave_number == 3) {
87 lcd.print("Pulse");
88 }
89 else if (wave_number == 4) {
90 lcd.print("Tringl");
91 }
92 else {
93 lcd.print("TTL");
94 }
95 }
96
97 // Function to display the external frequency on the LCD
98 void frequency_display(long freq) {
99 lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD
100 String unit = "Hz"; // Initialize unit as Hz
101
102 // Convert frequency to KHz or MHz based on its value
103 if (freq >= 1000 && freq < 1000000) {
104 freq = freq / 1000;
Page 80 of 140
105 unit = String('K' + unit); // Use KHz
106 }
107 else if (freq >= 1000000 && freq < 1000000000) {
108 freq = freq / 1000000;
109 unit = String('M' + unit); // Use MHz
110 }
111
112 // Display "External Frequency Counter" on the LCD
113 lcd.setCursor(6, 0);
114 lcd.print("External");
115 lcd.setCursor(2, 1);
116 lcd.print("Frequency Counter");
117
118 // Format and display the frequency value
119 lcd.setCursor(7, 2);
120 unit = String(' ' + unit);
121 String dis = String(freq);
122 if (dis.length() == 1) {
123 dis = '0' + dis;
124 dis = '0' + dis;
125 }
126 else if (dis.length() == 2) {
127 dis = '0' + dis;
128 }
129 dis = String(dis + unit);
130 lcd.print(dis);
131 }
132
133 // Function to display serial data generation details
134 void serial_data_gen(String data, long clk) {
135 lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD
136 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
137 lcd.print("Serial Data Gen");
138 lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
139 lcd.print("Data : " + String(data));
140
141 // Convert clock frequency to KHz or MHz based on its value
142 String unit = String("Hz");
143 if (clk >= 1000 && clk < 1000000) {
144 clk = clk / 1000;
145 unit = String('K') + unit;
146 }
147 else if (clk >= 1000000 && clk <= 999000000) {
148 clk = clk / 1000000;
149 unit = String('M') + unit;
150 }
151
152 // Display clock frequency and unit
Page 81 of 140
153 lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
154 lcd.print("CLK : ");
155 lcd.print(clk / 100);
156 lcd.print((clk % 100) / 10);
157 lcd.print(clk % 10);
158 lcd.print(" " + unit);
159 lcd.print(String("*"));
160
161 // Display additional information
162 lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
163 lcd.print("Down Up *");
164 }
165
166 // Function to display internal modulation status
167 void display_internal_modulation(int state) {
168 state = state % 2; // Ensure state is either 0 or 1
169 lcd.clear(); // Clear the LCD
170 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
171 lcd.print("Internal Modulation");
172 lcd.setCursor(8, 2);
173
174 // Display modulation status (on or off)
175 if (state == 0) {
176 lcd.print("off ");
177 }
178 else {
179 lcd.print("on ");
180 }
181 }
182
183 // Main loop function that runs repeatedly
184 int l = 0;
185 int w = 0;
186 int att = 0;
187 long f = 2100; // Initial frequency value
188 int s = 0; // Initial internal modulation state
189 String data = "0010110"; // Example serial data
190
191 void loop() {
192 f += 20000; // Increment frequency
193 delay(500); // Wait for 500ms
194
195 // Depending on the value of w, call different display functions
196 if (w == 0) {
197 display_waveforms(f, l, att, w);
198 }
199 else if (w == 1) {
200 frequency_display(f);
Page 82 of 140
201 }
202 else if (w == 2) {
203 serial_data_gen(data, f);
204 }
205 else if (w == 3) {
206 display_internal_modulation(s);
207 }
208
209 l++; // Increment level
210 w = (w + 1) % 5; // Cycle through different modes
211 att++; // Increment attenuation
212 s = 1 - s; // Toggle internal modulation state
213 }
4.9 Software Simulations
4.9.1 Simulation for Square Wave
Figure 4.40: Simulation of Square Wave(Produced using TinkerCAD)
Page 83 of 140
4.9.6 Simulation for Lcd Display
Figure 4.45: Simulation of Oled Display(Produced using Wokwi)
4.10 Design Iterations
4.10.1 Software Iterations
Chip Programming
We chose arduino UNO on the basis of the ndings of the research subtribe. Then we
divided ourselves into pairs and each pair was tasked with generation, coding and sim-
ulation of one type of waveform along with varying frequency and amplitude. We then
discussed all these simulations and codes and made improvements as suggested during
the discussion. Through simulations we found slight jaggedness in the sine waveform
at low frequencies which was likely due to the step function implementation. Further
through simulation and lab tryout we also discovered that despite theoretical possibili-
ties, arduino UNO or microcontrollers in general have a limit on the frequency they
can achieve which is capped around 1 kHz. Based on specications of the function gen-
erator we decided to make, we had to achieve up to at least 1 MHz. For the same on
research and exploration of function generator production we narrowed down on a chip
(IC AD9833) for waveform generation over a broad frequency range. Next we plan on
simulating and testing the same.
Page 87 of 140
Display Programming
There were many options available on which display to use some of the options listed-
OLED, TFT, LCD, LED We needed a display with some basic features like displaying
alphabets and numbers, easy to use, compatible with Arduino Nano(Atmega328p ) and
preferably low cost. We researched about dierent displays like OLED - 128x64 or
128x32 pixels, I2C or SPI interface, High contrast, low power consumption, supports
graphics ,Small screen size, but relatively higher cost than the LCD display. TFT - SPI
interface, Supports full-color graphics, touchscreen option, High power usage, relatively
higher cost than OLED, LCD. LED - Medium to high power usage, SPI interface and
relatively similar, a little costlier than LCD. LCD - Uses liquid crystals to display char-
acters in rows and columns, low power consumption, Parallel or I2C interface available,
easy to use out of these LCD was the one which was most suitable for the Function
generator in terms of cost, needed functionality of displaying characters and numbers ,
compatibility with the Arduino (Atmega328p) and easy to use in LCD there were 2
types available for interface/ connection. parallel and I2C - chose I2C as it is easy to use,
connect, and reduces the analog pins required for the display 4 pins required for parallel
connection(excluding ground and Vcc) , 2 pins required for I2C (excluding ground and
Vcc) 20X4 i.e 20 characters X 4 lines was chosen to match and implement the displays
as present in the function generator and thus reached the conclusion for LCD display
with I2C interface and 20X4 and then tried programming and simulation for the LCd in
WOKWI and TinkerCad using the LiquidCrystal_I2C library and after learning all
the required commands in the LiquidCrystal_I2C library, coded for the display
4.10.2 Hardware Iterations
Laser Cutting
Figure 4.46: Acrylic Piece Netting
Page 88 of 140
Figure 4.47: Box Design
Last week, our focus was on designing the outer body of the function generator using
acrylic sheets and a laser cutter. We nalized a structure consisting of ve sides, leaving
the top part removable for accessibility. To achieve this, we designed a single acrylic piece
with a central quadrilateral surrounded by four adjacent sections. These sections will
then be bent using a blow dryer and joined using chloroform (acrylic solvent) for a
seamless nish.
For the front panel, we incorporated cutouts for the button, screen, and knob, along
with engraved labels for clarity. To ensure easy removal of the top part when needed, we
explored various mechanisms such as sliders and locks. After discussion, we decided on
a slit-and-wedge friction-t system, which would allow the top panel to stay securely
in place while still being removable when necessary.
To validate our approach, we laser-cut a test piece to check the functionality of the
slit mechanism, which worked as expected. Moving forward, we will proceed with cutting
and assembling the complete outer body while implementing the nalized design.
This week, we worked on nalizing the function generator’s design using RDWorks.
Building upon our previous design, we proceeded with the approach of designing a single
acrylic piece with a central quadrilateral surrounded by four adjacent sections. These
sections will be bent using a blow dryer and joined with chloroform (acrylic solvent) to
form a sturdy enclosure.
For the front panel, we have included the following components:
• BNC Connector
• 1 OLED Screen
• 3 Knobs (for frequency, amplitude, and oset adjustments)
• 3 Buttons (for ne-tuning frequency)
Page 89 of 140
• 1 Button (for waveform selection)
• 1 On/O Button
Additionally, a hole will be cut in the back panel to accommodate the power input.
To address heat dissipation, we will be incorporating ventilation holes into the body of
the function generator. Furthermore, we are designing a mechanism to ensure the function
generator remains slightly raised, allowing better airow and preventing overheating.
For the top part, we will implement a slit-and-wedge mechanism that slides slightly
before locking into place. This will ensure the top remains secure while allowing easy
removal whenever needed for repairs or adjustments.
Moving forward, we will proceed with laser cutting and assembling the nal outer
body based on this rened design.
Circuit Design
This week, our team improved our waveform generation approach. Initially, we were gen-
erating all waveforms directly through code executed on an Arduino. However, we realized
that at higher frequencies, this method introduced errors. To address this, we integrated
the AD9833, a dedicated waveform generation IC capable of producing sine, triangular,
and square waves with precision. By leveraging this IC, we successfully generated all
required waveforms while ensuring accuracy across dierent frequencies. Additionally,
we designed and implemented an oset and frequency control circuit, allowing ne-tuned
adjustments to the output. This enhancement not only improved reliability but also
provided greater exibility in waveform control.
4.11 Comparative Analysis of Function Generators
4.11.1 Target Function Generator
Model: 10MHz AM-FM Modulation Function-Pulse Generator with 50MHz Frequency
Counter
Scientech 4064S - Synthesized Function Generator
Cost: 15-18k per piece
4.11.2 Comparative Analysis
Analysis
The Custom/Arbitrary Waveforms like Exponential Rise, Exponential Fall, and Black-
man require a more powerful DAC and memory, increasing the cost. Scientech supports
additional modulation types (FSK, PWM, Burst/ASK), requiring better DSP and mi-
crocontroller capabilities. The higher-end color LCD in Scientech enhances usability and
waveform visualization, whereas our model opts for a cost-eective 20x4 LCD.
4.11.3 Impact on Stakeholders of ELP101
The dierences in features have minimal impact on students of ELP101. Their exper-
iments (4, 5, and 6) primarily involve basic waveforms, mainly sine waves. Advanced
Page 90 of 140
Feature Scientech Function Generator Our Function Generator
Waveforms
Sine, Square, Triangle, Ramp, Pulse,
Cardiac, Sinc, Noise, Exponential Rise,
Exponential Fall, Blackman, Voice, Negative Ramp,
TTL, Sine Vertical, Alternate Attenuation,
Alternate Amplication, Round PM, Absolute Sine
Sine, Square,Triangle, Pulse, Ramp
Frequency Range 1mHz – 10MHz (sine), 1mHz – 3MHz (others) 1mHz – 10MHz (sine), 1mHz – 3MHz (others)
Frequency Resolution 1mHz 1mHz
Modulation FM, AM, PWM, BURST/ASK, FSK AM, FM, PM supported
Output Impedance 50Ω 50Ω (standard for lab equipment)
Power Consumption 20 VA 20 W (under full load)
Display TFT Color LCD Display 20x4 LCD for visualization
Connectivity BNC to BNC cable & Power cord SMA & BNC connectors
Build Type Metal enclosure Transparent Acrylic sheet
Table 4.1: Comparison between Scientech Function Generator and Our Model
waveform capabilities are unnecessary.
The limited modulation options also do not aect students since their coursework does
not involve applications such as power electronics, motor control, or RF transmission.
The 20×4 LCD display is practical, reliable, and cost-eective, making it a good choice
for educational purposes.
4.11.4 Comparison with DIY Signal Generator Kit (XR2206)
Page 91 of 140
Feature DIY Signal Generator Kit Our Function Generator
Waveforms
Sine, Triangle, Square Sine, Square,Triangle, Pulse, Ramp
Frequency Range 1Hz – 1MHz 1mHz – 10MHz (sine), 1mHz – 3MHz (others)
Amplitude 0-3V (sine/triangle), 8V (square) 0-5V adjustable (0.01V resolution)
Modulation Not supported AM, FM, PM supported
Precision Basic tuning 0.01% accuracy
Impedance 600Ω 50Ω (standard for lab equipment)
Power Supply 9-12V DC or 9V battery 220V AC (internal DC conversion)
Control Interface Simple knobs Rotary knobs + toggle switches
Display None 20x4 LCD for visualization
Output Stability Less than 1% distortion (1kHz) Less than 1% across all frequencies
Connectivity Basic wired connections SMA & BNC connectors
Build Type DIY kit (soldering required) Fully assembled with a durable case
Table 4.2: Comparison between DIY Signal Generator Kit and Our Model
Page 92 of 140
5. Closure
1. How will this product be supported after the end of the life cycle?
- After the EOL milestone, when the product is no longer actively maintained or
sold, we will provide limited support in the form of documentation, spare parts
availability, and repair services for an extended period. Customers will be encour-
aged to transition to newer models, with possible trade-in or upgrade options.
2. How will the clients who are loyal to your product be incentivized to
keep using it?
Customers will be supported with extended service plans. Additionally, we may
oer discounts on newer models and upgrades or alternative solutions to maintain
customer loyalty.
3. How will you provide end-of-life service?
The EOLC process will be structured in multiple phases:
• End of Sale: No new purchases will be allowed, but existing users will still
receive updates and support.
• End of Support Life: Limited customer support may be available at an addi-
tional cost, and documentation/resources will remain accessible.
• Full Retirement: The product will be completely discontinued, with guidance
provided on recycling, refurbishment, or responsible disposal.
5.0.1 Re-use and modularity of product
4. Which parts of your current product can be useful for another product
in your portfolio?
• The LCD display, rotary encoders, and micro-controller unit can be reused in
future test equipment, such as power supplies or signal analyzers.
• The power supply unit can be integrated into similar low-power lab equipment.
93
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url: https://scientechworld.com/wp- content/uploads/2023/06/10mhz-
am - fm - modulation - function - pulse - generator - with - 50mhz - frequency -
counter-4064s.pdf?srsltid=AfmBOoqXtFoGwi9X910KwS5pTs5y5iqqWS9GfCEKAAYQxilRAvZfnb5A.
[2] 1N4148 1W Zener Diode. url: https : / / kitsguru . com / products / 1n4148 -
1w-zener-diode?variant=45233267900668&country=IN¤cy=INR&utm_
medium=product_sync&utm_source=google&utm_content=sag_organic&utm_
campaign=sag_organic&srsltid=AfmBOornwjoxWwcySmx2RtB1Y9H1jLfs4kXoTXUw1umHcdJZ46jVXT7JF4o
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[3] 20×4 Character (Blue) LCD Display LCD2004 - eBhoot Electronics. url: https:
//ebhoot.in/shop-2/display-devices/20x4-character-blue-lcd-display-
lcd2004/?srsltid=AfmBOoo_mbRK4AWzu2D6t96ZnAC_xRXPEPIZfLZrlhOAGWDMAd0Nmm-
Y8Dw&gQT=1 (visited on 01/16/2025).
[4] 2N3904 General Purpose NPN Transistor. url: https://makerbazar.in/products/
2n3904-general-purpose-npn-transistor?variant=40147287670935&country=
IN & currency = INR & utm _ medium = product _ sync & utm _ source = google & utm _
content=sag_organic&utm_campaign=sag_organic&srsltid=AfmBOor_9Is0TTd1oxvF9uaP9U2vtEaPGvmugovVgxcmncLADMS6dLI4mLk&
gStoreCode=1&gQT=2 (visited on 01/23/2025).
[5] 5K Ohm 0.25W Metal Film Resistor. Robotbanao.com. url: https : / / www .
robotbanao . com / products / 5k - ohm - 0 - 25w - metal - film - resistor (visited
on 01/23/2025).
[6] AC to DC Power Supply Module, 110-260V AC Input, 12V/1A DC Output : Ama-
zon.in: Computers & Accessories. url: https://www.amazon.in/Power-Supply-
Module-110-260V-Output/dp/B0DKXBVB11?gQT=1 (visited on 01/23/2025).
[7] Arduino Nano vs Uno | Best 9 Comparisons of Arduino Nano vs Uno. url: https:
//www.educba.com/arduino-nano-vs-uno/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[8] Arduino uno vs Nano – Robocraze. url: https://robocraze.com/blogs/post/
arduino-uno-vs-nano (visited on 01/23/2025).
[9] ATMEGA328P. url: https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATmega328P
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[10] Audio Signal Generator - NEW Nagravox updated. Nagravox. url: https : / /
nagravox.com/products/audio- signal- generator- new - nagravox- updated
(visited on 01/16/2025).
94
[11] Buy 10K Pot potentiometer with Knob Online In India | Robocraze. url: https:
//robocraze.com/products/10k- pot- potentiometer- with- knob?variant=
43776987463904&country=IN¤cy=INR&utm_medium=product_sync&utm_
source = google & utm _ content = sag _ organic & utm _ campaign = sag _ organic &
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gbraid=0AAAAADgHQva3qxne2XZwi2sTAI__q1ArX&gclid=Cj0KCQiAy8K8BhCZARIsAKJ8sfSyUIPmSF2ZSISgsuvSKuDqugHM1zzsj9ZuPeehNXPm9d7nMNeItsoaAmNsEALw_
wcB (visited on 01/23/2025).
[12] Buy 12 MHz Crystal Oscillator at HNHCart.com. url: https://www.hnhcart.
com/products/12-mhz-crystal-oscillator?_pos=2&_sid=d4b117fb4&_ss=r
(visited on 01/16/2025).
[13] Buy 12x12x7.3mm Tactile Push Button Switch Online at Robu.in. url: https:
/ / robu . in / product / 12x12x7 - 3mm - tactile - push - button - switch - round/
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[14] Buy 1k Ohm 0.25W Metal Film Resistor (Pack of 100) Online at Robu.in. url:
https://robu.in/product/1k-ohm-0-25w-metal-film-resistor-pack-of-
100/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[15] Buy Atmega328p-AU MCU IC - SMD - TQFP-32 - KTRON India. url: https:
//www.ktron.in/product/atmega328p-au/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[16] Buy Full rotation rotary switch 12 position pack of 1pcs. url: https://electronicspices.
com/product/full- rotation- rotary- switch- 12- position- pack- of- 1pcs
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[17] Buy LCD2004 Parallel LCD Display with IIC/I2C Interface Online at Low Price
In India | Robu. url: https://robu.in/product/lcd- 2004- i2c/ (visited on
01/23/2025).
[18] Buy RBS-1-112-20VP-1 Pole 12 Position Metal Rotary Switch (20mm 18 Teeth).
Explore the category for more range. url: https://robu.in/product/rbs- 1-
112 - 20vp - 1 - pole - 12 - position - metal - rotary - switch - 20mm - 18 - teeth/
(visited on 01/16/2025).
[19] Buy SMA Connector Straight - Female - Vertical Mount - KTRON India. url:
https://www.ktron.in/product/sma-connector-straight/?v=c86ee0d9d7ed
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[20] Buy SMA Connector Straight - Female - Vertical Mount - KTRON India. url:
https : / / www . ktron . in / product / sma - connector - straight/ (visited on
01/16/2025).
[21] Buy Universal 5 x 7 cm PCB Prototype Board Single-Sided 2.54mm Hole Pitch.
url: https : / / robu . in / product / 5 - x - 7 - cm - universal - pcb - prototype -
board-single-sided-2-54mm-hole-pitch/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA-
aK8BhCDARIsAL_-H9nzgP-bcPHSij4u2TuPKb_Bb71ifdaXPgMLoZ2tt6Vz7OVnS57Tr0EaApYgEALw_
wcB (visited on 01/16/2025).
[22] CL10B105KO8NNNC. DigiKey Electronics. url: https://www.digikey.in/en/
products / detail / samsung - electro - mechanics / CL10B105KO8NNNC / 3886677
(visited on 01/23/2025).
[23] Diode. In: Wikipedia. Page Version ID: 1270335037. Jan. 19, 2025. url: https:
//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diode&oldid=1270335037 (visited on
01/30/2025).
Page 95 of 140
[24] Function Generator Market Size, Share, Growth, Report [2032]. url: https://
www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/function-generator-market-104357.
[25] Higher education in India - Wikipedia. url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Higher_education_in_India (visited on 01/16/2025).
[26] How To Create Sine Waves From Square Waves And RC Filters. mbedded.ninja.
url: https : / / blog . mbedded . ninja / electronics / circuit - design / how -
to- create- sine- waves - from - square - waves - and- rc- filters/ (visited on
01/30/2025).
[27] LM311 LM311M LM311DR Chip SOP-8 single comparator voltage comparator |
Google Shopping. url: https://www.google.com/shopping/product/r/en-IN/
1?prds=epd:6529395273665962997,pid:6529395273665962997&psb=1 (visited
on 01/23/2025).
[28] lm741 / UA741 General Purpose Op-Amp IC DIP-8 Package - Buy now at Best
Cost. Mar. 30, 2024. url: https://smartxprokits.in/lm741-general-purpose-
op-amp-ic-dip-8-package/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[29] LM7805 IC - 5V Positive Voltage Regulator IC buy online at Low Price in India
- ElectronicsComp.com. url: https://www.electronicscomp.com/lm7805-ic?
srsltid=AfmBOopFT9xMWy9vhG5TItC--ZF6EpEhItk7EW4FtHExNXv5FXOUimRbOJ0&
gQT=2 (visited on 01/23/2025).
[30] MACFOS. Buy 10k Ohm 0.5W Metal Film Resistor at Best Price. Nov. 27, 2022.
url: https://robu.in/product/10k-ohm-0-5w-metal-film-resistor-pack-
of-50/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[31] MACFOS. Buy 10k Ohm 3590S Precision Multiturn Potentiometer Online at Robu.in.
Dec. 16, 2023. url: https://robu.in/product/10k- ohm- 3590s- precision-
multiturn-potentiometer/ (visited on 01/16/2025).
[32] MACFOS. BUY Nano V3.0 ATmega328P 5V 16MHz CH340 Type-C with WhiteType-
C Cable 30cm Online at Robu.in. url: https://robu.in/product/nano-v3-0-
16mhz-ch340-type-c-with-whitetype-c-cable-30cm/ (visited on 01/16/2025).
[33] MACFOS. Buy Universal 5 x 7 cm PCB Prototype Board Single-Sided 2.54mm Hole
Pitch. url: https://robu.in/product/5-x-7-cm-universal-pcb-prototype-
board-single-sided-2-54mm-hole-pitch/ (visited on 01/23/2025).
[34] MACFOS. Yellow DS-430 2PIN ONOFF Self-Reset Square Push Button Switch?NO
Press Break? url: https://robu.in/product/yellow- ds-430- 2pin- onoff-
self-reset-square-push-button-switch%ef%bc%88no-press-break%ef%bc%
89/ (visited on 01/16/2025).
[35] Phase Noise and Jitter in Digital Electronics | System Analysis Blog | Cadence.
url: https : / / resources . system - analysis . cadence . com / blog / msa2021 -
phase-noise-and-jitter-in-digital-electronics (visited on 01/30/2025).
[36] Rectier. In: Wikipedia. Page Version ID: 1267355683. Jan. 4, 2025. url: https:
/ / en . wikipedia . org / w / index . php ? title = Rectifier & oldid = 1267355683
(visited on 01/30/2025).
[37] Series RLC Circuit Response to a Step Voltage. url: https://www.mathforengineers.
com/transients-in-electrical-circuits/series-RLC- circuit-response-
to-a-step-voltage.html (visited on 01/30/2025).
Page 96 of 140
[38] XR2206 High Precision Function Signal Generator DIY Kit Sine Triangle Square
Output 1Hz-1MHz Adjustable Frequency Amplitude. url: https://sunelectronics.
co.in/product/xr2206-high-precision-function-signal-generator-diy-
kit - sine - triangle - square - output - 1hz - 1mhz - adjustable - frequency -
amplitude/ (visited on 02/06/2025).
[39] Yellow DS-430 2PIN ONOFF Self-Reset Square Push Button Switch?NO Press
Break? url: https://robu.in/product/yellow- ds-430- 2pin- onoff-self-
reset- square- push- button- switch%EF%BC%88no-press- break%EF%BC%89/
(visited on 01/23/2025).
Page 97 of 140
A. Document Statistics
• Word count: 28827
• Number of sentences: 5757
• Number of characters: 156003
• Readability Indices:
– Readability Score(WebFx): 37.6
– Flesch Reading Ease: 39.1
– Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level: 9.5
– Gunning Fog Index: 14.24
– Coleman Liau Index: 14.26
• A WebFX readability score of 37.6 indicates that the document can easily be
understood by 18 to 19 year olds.
• Flesch Reading Ease score of 39.1 and Flesch-Kincaid Grade level of 9.5
indicates that the text is slightly tougher to comprehend and best understood
by individuals with a college level education.
• A Gunning Fog Index of 14.24 suggests that the text requires a reading level
equivalent to a college sophomore.
• A Coleman-Liau Index score of 14.26 indicates that the text is written at a level
appropriate for someone at a college freshman reading level.
98
B. Softwares Used
The software(s) we used to prepare this report are as follows:
1. Latex - which is a high-quality typesetting system, commonly used for producing scien-
tic and technical documents. It can be downloaded from:
• L
A
T
E
XProject Website: https://www.latex-project.org/get/
2. Zotero - Which is a reference management software. Used to manage data and related
research materials. It can be downloaded from:
• Zotero Website: https://www.zotero.org/download/
3. ProjectLibre - Which is project management software system. It helps in planning,
scheduling, and tracking projects. It can be downloaded from:
• ProjectLibre Website: https://www.projectlibre.com/
4. PlantUML -Which is a open-source tool allowing users to create diagrams and mindmaps.
It can be downloaded from:
• PlantUML Website: https://plantuml.com
5. TinkerCAD - Which is a free online 3D modeling program. It can be downloaded from:
• Tinkercad Website: https://www.tinkercad.com/
6. Microsoft 365/Microsoft Oce - Which is a collection of applications like Microsoft
World, Excel and more. It is commonly used for document editing.
• Access Microsoft 365: https://www.microsoft365.com/
7. FreeCADweb - Which is an open-source parametric 3D modeler made primarily to
design real-life objects. It can be downloaded from:
• FreeCADweb Website: https://www.FreeCADweb.org/
8. Arduino IDE 2.3.4 - Which is an open-source Integrated Development Environment
(IDE) that allows users to write and upload code to Arduino boards. It can be downloaded
from:
• Arduino IDE Website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
9. Python - Which is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.It can be down-
loaded from:
• Python Website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
99
D. Minutes of the Meeting
D.1 Week 1 (10/01/25 - 23/01/25)
D.1.1 Market Research Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 12th January 2025
Time: 4.00 PM
Location: Oine (Mech Lawn)
Attendees: All members of the team were present.
Agenda: Brainstorming ideas for new features to implement.
Discussion: The meeting started o with an introduction and getting to know each
other’s relevant work experiences to optimally assign work. After that we have decided
to look for inspirations on the features that we can implement in our function generator.
Resolutions: We have identied a few features that make our function generator more
attractive to the market.
• Implementation of an interface which runs on PC which can be used to save a few
regularly used preset values and also to vary the parameters of the output wave.
• Making the device much more compact and implementing a power backup to make
this device portable, handheld and help out in situations like power cut.
• Making the body using recycled plastic instead of acrylic to cut down costs and
making this more eco-friendly
These suggestions were passed on to the concerned vertical and we proceeded to look
deeper into the nancial benets if we implemented these features.
Work distribution:
• Cost analysis for internal circuit components- Kaneesha Jain and Sanya Sachan
• Cost analysis for external hardware components- Ayush Nayak and Satvik Prasad
• Market analysis to estimate best- and worst-case scenarios- Gauri Agarwal
• Repurposing possibilities to broaden the function generator’s market reach- Pratyush
Shrivastava and Siya Gupta
• Analysis of the stakeholder ecosystem and product’s market potential- Ashmit Nan-
gia and Aahna Jain
• Exploration of feasibility of recycled plastic as an alternative for acrylic- Rahul
Athipatla and Tanya Jain
102
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 15th January 2025
Time: 6:00 PM
Location: Oine (Mech Lawn)
Attendees: All members of the team were present.
Agenda: Updates on work done and researching the market
Discussion: After discussing with other verticals we have ruled out the rst two sugges-
tions but the third one seems viable so we proceeded with this one and we have started
to compile the report by researching potential markets and the impact that our USP will
create on the markets and the scale and means of production we will need if this thing
actually goes into the market
Page 103 of 140
D.1.2 Software Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 14th January 2025
Time: 3.00 PM
Location: Oine (Vindhyachal Hostel CR)
Attendees: All members of the Software Team were present.
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was division of the subtribe into subgroups
based on tasks that the software subtribe needs to undertake.
Discussion: We started o the meeting with gauging skillsets of everyone present in
the subtribe and the relevance of those skills to the project at hand. While most of
the people are well versed with high level programming, hardware programming is new
to them. This then led to the conclusion that we should be spending the rst week in
skill development through research. We also decided to divide ourselves into subgroups
to facilitate specialized research and skill development making it easier for everyone to
contribute.
Resolutions:
Divided the team into 3 subgroups: Chip programming, Simulations, and Display pro-
gramming as follows:
1. Chip programming-
• Shrenik Sakala
• Yaswant Galla
• Suneel Masarapu
• Yuvraj Singh
• Arnav Tiwari
• Lakshaya Jain
• Siddharth Saini
• Nobin K. Benny
• Punit Meena
• Sumit Sonowal
• Niraj Agarwal
• Niranjan Rajeev
• Dhruv Chaurasiya
• Praveen Lakhara
2. Simulations
• Rijul Barot
3. Display programming
• Abhinav Nimkar
Page 104 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 15th January 2025
Time: 9:00 PM
Location: Online (G-meet)
Attendees: All members of the Software Team were present.
Agenda: Updates on work done.
Discussion:
• Chip programming: Selected an optimum chip in terms of price, requirements and
performance. Researched about chip programming and multiple mediums for the
same to choose the most ecient method. Settled on Atmega328p chip and arduino
programming. Also settled on making an Arduino from scratch using a crystal
oscillator and PCB.
• Display programming: Researched on various possible displays and congurations.
Selected optimum display based on compatibility, use case and price. Settled on
LCD 20X4 display.
• Simulation: Assigned task to create a CAD model. Will simulate circuits once the
specications are ascertained by all verticals. Researched about various simulation
software and learned to use the same.
Page 106 of 140
D.1.3 Documentation subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 10th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online (G-meet)
Attendees: All members of the Documentation Team were present.
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to discuss and assign tasks for the detailed
report for the function generator project. The detailed report should consist of the
following sections/ tasks:
• Avoid any type of plagiarism
• Title
• Team Members and Entry Numbers, Email Designation
• Involvement Factor
• Table of Content
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Abbreviations
• Glossary
• Mind Map
• Project Management Software Outputs
• Abstract
• Motivation Section
• Requirements Section
• References
• Appendix: Document ID
• Appendix: Document Statistics
• Appendix: Readability Indices
• Proofreading
• Project Statement
• Software Used
• SPOC
• Tribe Name
• PDF File Format
Page 107 of 140
Discussion:
The meeting began with a review of the detailed report structure and the identication
of the required sections giving specic guidelines for each. .
Resolutions:
1. The team agreed to divide the work between members based on their expertise and
availability.
2. The timeline for completing each section was agreed upon, with a follow-up meeting
scheduled for 15th January 2025 at 9:50 PM to review the progress.
3. It was decided that everyone will upload their completed sections in a shared folder
for review before the next meeting.
Action Items and Responsibilities:
1. Sachin - Plagiarism check, Proofreading
2. Keshav - Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures
3. Ojas - Abstract
4. Madhav - Motivation section, Requirements section
5. Shivaani - References, Readability Indices
6. Ishant - Software used
7. Kabir - Mind Map, PDF le format
8. Utkarsh - Project Management software outputs (Network Chart / WBS / Gantt
Chart / Resource Breakdown)
9. Shivang - Document ID and Document Statistics
10. Om Goel - Title, Team Members and Entry Numbers, Involvement Factor, List
of Abbreviations, Glossary, Project Statement, SPOC, Tribe Name, and work on
Minutes
11. Nilay Sharma - Overall coordination, compilation
The next meeting was set to be scheduled on 15th Jan, 9:50 PM.
Page 108 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 15th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online(G-meet)
Attendees: All members of the Documentation Team were present
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to review the progress of the various
sections of the report for the function generator project, ensuring that tasks were on
track and addressing any challenges.
Discussion: The meeting was held to check the progress of the report sections, and
only small discussions were conducted regarding the various sections of the report. Each
member gave an update on the work completed so far:
Resolutions: All members were asked to continue working on their respective sections
and nalize them before the next review.
Action Items and Responsibilities: All team members are expected to complete their
assigned sections as per the previous distribution and upload them to the shared folder
Page 109 of 140
D.1.4 Hardware Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date:11th January 2025
Time:9:00 PM
Location:Online G-Meet
Attendees:All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: Agenda of the meeting was to divide the whole subtribe in smaller groups and
distribute the task of gathering information and collecting information for designing the
function generator and distribute the work accordingly for the week.
Discussion: First of all everyone shared their ideas on how we can proceed further and
what data and information they have collected till now which can help us in designing
the circuit.
Resolutions:
• Everyone shared their work load and other commitments in the upcoming week and
we all analysed the respective strength and expertise of team members.
• The work was then divided to the members considering point 1 and subtribe was
divided accordingly in dierent groups.
• It was decided that we’ll be in touch through Whatsapp groups so that whenever
another person requires help then anyone can answer him/her.
• After assigning the tasks to every individual, we decided to be in touch through
whatsapp or call still, the strict deadline of 15th January 2025 9:00 PM was set to
update on their ndings and what is the idea they came up with.
Responsibilities given to every individual:
Understanding the requirements and working of the microchip:
• Adarsh Singh
• Abhishek Singh
• Tirth Punit Golwala
• Saiyam Jain
• Priyanshu Jindal
• Jenit Jain
Understand the power management of the system:
• Nagure Kalyani Paramanand
• Viha Singla
• Khushi Gupta
• Suhani Soni
Page 110 of 140
• Syna Rajvanshi
• Tushar Goyal
• Vatsal Manish Sejpal
• Umang Agarwal
Worked on the outer body of the function generator
• Deevyansh Khadria
• Sushil Kumar
• Saksham Kumar Rohilla
• Ajaypal Kulhari
• Arpit Mourya
• Ambhore Soham Bhaskhar
• Lokendra Singh Gohil
Next meeting scheduled on 15th January 2025
Page 111 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 15th January 2025
Time: 9:00 PM
Location: Online G-Meet
Attendees: All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: Agenda of the meeting was to collectively present our ndings and ideas
and discuss the nal requirements that we’ll need for the project and also deal with the
problems that we faced.
Discussion: As we were continuously in touch throughout the week through whatsapp
groups we had formed, there was not much to discuss. Everyone updated their work and
we nalised our requirement list.
Resolutions: As the requirements were more or less nalised, everyone had decided to
move ahead to gather further ideas and update the subtribe if they nd anything.
Responsibilities given to every individual: Every team member was told to have
a look at the design and circuit that we’ll be building and read about the dierent
functionalities of the items we are going to use and how we can be better.
Page 112 of 140
D.2 Week 2 (17/01/25 - 23/01/25)
D.2.1 Market Research Subtribe
Date: 17th January 2025
Time: 2.30 PM
Location: Oine (Lab)
Attendees: All members of the team were present either online or oine.
Agenda: Optimising costs and allocating work to everyone.
Discussion:
The meeting started o with an introduction and getting to know each other’s relevant
work experiences to optimally assign work. We have realised that the costs are expected
to reach above the prescribed Rs.1000/- budget so we wanted to nd ways to cut our
costs.
Resolutions: We have identied a few avenues to cut costs.
• Using ATMEGA328P chip instead of ATMEGA328P board cuts the costs by approx
100 rs
• We have found cheaper alternatives in a few other items like rotary switches etc.
We made a detailed budget plan for this project by including all the updated requirements
from the software and the hardware team.
Meanwhile, a section of the team is working on the feasibility of implementing new
features like implementing battery operation for the function generator etc.
Page 113 of 140
D.2.2 Software Subtribe
Date: 17th January 2025
Time: 2.30 PM
Location: Embedded lab
Attendees: All members of the software team were present.
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to distribute tasks among the members
of the subtribe and then keep track of work done on the WhatsApp group, which will be
discussed in the next lab.
Discussion:
We studied the function generator and its functionalities. The display programming
subgroup was tasked with choosing an optimum display for our application purposes, and
the documentation included their ndings and conclusions. The simulation subgroup will
have work when fabrication and circuit design begin. This week, they were tasked with
deciding and researching the software specications. The chip programming subgroup
members were divided into pairs and tasked with implementing and simulating the ve
waveforms generated by the model function generator.
Resolutions: Divided the Chip programming subgroup into pairs as follows:
• Square: Punit, Nobin
• Triangle: Sumit, Lakshaya Jain
• Sine: Praveen, Dhruv Ch.
• Ramp: Manas, Yaswant
• Pulse: Chintada Srinivasa Rao, Suneel
• TTL: Shrenik, Arnav
Reshued subgroup members based on requirements:
1. Simulations- Rijul Barot, Niranjan Rajeev, Niraj Agarwal, Siddharth Saini
2. Display Programming- Abhinav Nimkar, Priyansh Prakash, Mukul Sahu, Sarthak
Gangwal, Chintada Srinivasa Rao, Devansh Upadhyay
Page 114 of 140
D.2.3 Documentation Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 17th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online (G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present:
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to discuss and assign tasks for the
detailed report for the function generator project. The detailed report should consist of
the following sections/tasks:
• Avoid any type of plagiarism.
• Title.
• Team Members and Entry Numbers, Email Designation.
• Involvement Factor.
• Table of Content.
• List of Tables.
• List of Figures.
• List of Abbreviations.
• Glossary.
• Mind Map.
Page 115 of 140
• Project Management Software Outputs.
• Abstract.
• Motivation Section.
• Requirements Section.
• Specication Section.
• References.
• Appendix: Document ID.
• Appendix: Document Statistics.
• Appendix: Readability Indices.
• Denitions of Readability Indices.
• Proofreading.
• Project Statement.
• Software Used.
• SPOC.
• Tribe Name.
• PDF File Format.
• Review remarks made by Prof. and make sure to incorporate them in upcoming
reports.
Discussion: The meeting began with a review of the detailed report structure and
the identication of the required sections, giving specic guidelines for each. Roles and
responsibilities were discussed, tasks were assigned, and remarks made by the supervisor
were reviewed to ensure alignment with expectations.
Resolutions: The team agreed to divide the work among the members based on their
expertise and availability. The timeline for completing each section was agreed upon,
with a follow-up meeting scheduled for 22th January 2025 at 9:50 PM to review the
progress. All members will upload their completed sections to a shared folder for review
before the next meeting.
Action Items and Responsibilities:
• Om Goel: MOMs and General Formatting
• Kabir and Utkarsh: General Formatting, Mind Map, ProjectLibre.
• Keshav: Requirements.
• Madhav, Ojas and Sachin: Specications.
Page 116 of 140
• Ishant: Software Used.
• Shivaani: References and Review
• Nilay: Glossary ,Abbreviations and Review
• Shivang: Document Statistics, Document ID, Readability, Denitions of Readabil-
ity Indices.
• Sachin: Plagiarism Check, Proofreading.
• Pratyush Sharma-Ensure that all remarks made by the prof were incorporated and
general formatting
The next meeting was set to be scheduled on 22th Jan, 9:30PM.
Page 117 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 22th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online (G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present:
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to review the progress of the various
sections of the report for the function generator project, ensuring that tasks were on
track and addressing any challenges.
Discussion: The meeting was held to check the progress of the report sections, and
only small discussions were conducted regarding the various sections of the report. Each
member gave an update on the work completed so far.
Resolutions: All members were asked to continue working on their respective sections
and nalize them before the next review (if needed).
Action Items and Responsibilities: All team members are expected to complete their
assigned sections as per the previous distribution.
Page 118 of 140
D.2.4 Hardware Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 18th January 2025
Time: 1:00 PM
Location: Biotech Lawns
Attendees: All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: To divide the whole subtribe in two groups and distribute the task of gathering
information and collecting information for specications of the product to one group and
try to learn laser cutting software to another
Discussion: First of all, everyone shared their ideas on how we can proceed further
and what data and information they have collected till now which can help us in design-
ing the circuit.
Resolutions: Everyone shared their work load and other commitments in the upcoming
week and we all analysed the respective strength and expertise of team members. The
work was then divided to the members considering point 1 and subtribe was divided
according to their background. It was decided that we’ll be in touch through Whatsapp
groups so that whenever another person requires help then anyone can answer him/her.
After assigning the tasks to every individual, we decided to be in touch through whatsapp
or call still, the strict deadline of 19th January 2025 9:00 PM was set to update on their
ndings and what is the idea they came up with.
Responsibilities given to every individual:
Understanding the laser cutting software and try to come up with a very
rough model for the generator:
• Adarsh Singh
• Abhishek Singh
• Tirth Punit Golwala
• Saiyam Jain
• Vatsal Sejpal
• Kalyani Nagure Paramachand
• Viha Singla
Understand the working on how to implement dierent waves:
• Sushil Kumar
• Umang Agarwal
• Divyansh Khadria
• Tushar Goyal
• Saksham Kumar Rohilla
Page 119 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 22nd January 2025
Time: 1:00 PM
Location: Biotech Lawns
Attendees: All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: Agenda of the meeting was to collectively present our ndings and ideas
and discuss the nal requirements that we’ll need for the project and also deal with the
problems that we faced.
Discussion: As we were continuously in touch throughout the week through what-
sapp groups we had formed, there was not much to discuss. Everyone updated their work
and we nalised our requirement list.
Resolutions: As the requirements were more or less nalised, everyone had decided
to move ahead to gather further ideas and update the subtribe if they nd anything.
Responsibilities given to every individual: Every team member was told to have
a look at the design and circuit that we’ll be building and read about the dierent
functionalities of the items we are going to use that how we can be better.
Page 121 of 140
D.3 Week 3 (24/01/25 - 30/01/25)
D.3.1 Market Research Subtribe
Date: 25th January 2025
Time: 8:30 PM
Location: Online (Gmeet)
Attendees:
• Rahul Athipatla
• Siya Gupta
• Kaneesha Jain
• Aahna Jain
• Tanya Jain
• Pratyush Shrivastava
• Sanya Sachan
• Satvik Prasad
• Ayush Nayak
• Ashmit Nangia
• Gauri Agarwal
Agenda:
• Analysis of jitter and RC lter eects on stakeholders (ELP101 students).
• Strategies for making the device compact and identifying cost-eective materials
for hardware design.
Discussion: Since achieving high functionality at a lower cost was a priority, we analyzed
how dierent design choices inuenced performance. One key area of focus was the wave-
form generation, where we explored how small step approximations impact experiments.
While high-precision signals are ideal, we found that for ELP101 students, the existing
design eectively supports experiments like frequency response analysis, AM signal gen-
eration, and oscillator phase shift testing, ensuring clear conceptual understanding.
We also examined the components used in conventional function generators and explored
cost-eective alternatives. The analysis showed that with careful selection, performance
remains strong while making the device more accessible. Simple optimizations, such as
ltering or ne-tuning step resolution, further enhance output quality. This approach
successfully balances aordability with functionality, ensuring a reliable and ecient
learning tool.
Resolution: Team members were allotted works based on their experience with
certain elds. They were divided into Quality Assurance for Stakeholders, Cost Analysis
respectively whereas one person would still be on the lookout for any new features that
we can implement. These people are again allotted dierent subtribes to communicate
with them and nalise requirements. Communication shall be maintained via WhatsApp
groups and team members will be provided assistance as needed.
Page 122 of 140
D.3.2 Software Subtribe
Date: 24th January 2025
Time: 2.30 PM
Location: Embedded Lab
Attendees: All members of the Software Team were present.
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to take updates on the assigned task
from the members of the subtribe and discuss possible improvements implementing them
during the lab. Decided deadlines for tasks that were required more time.
Discussion: The display programming subgroup produced their ndings and rst draft
of the functions coded for display. A subgroup was formulated for buttons interface pro-
gramming and simulation. The chip programming sub group produced their codes for
the assigned waveforms and we discussed the pros and cons and possible improvements.
Resolutions:
The Chip programming subgroup produced codes for waveforms as follows:
• Square: Punit, Nobin
• Triangle: Sumit, Lakshaya Jain
• Sine: Praveen, Dhruv Chaurasiya
• Ramp: Manas, Yaswant
• Pulse: Chintada Srinivasa Rao, Suneel
• TTL: Shrenik, Arnav
Further task assignment was done as follows-
1. Buttons interface programming- Rijul Barot, Niranjan Rajeev, Niraj Agarwal, Sid-
dharth Saini
2. Display Programming- Abhinav Nimkar, Priyansh Prakash, Mukul Sahu, Sarthak
Gangwal, Chintada Srinivasa Rao, Devansh Upadhyay
The display programming team shared their ndings so far, and discussed further work
allotment and deadlines.
Page 123 of 140
D.3.3 Documentation Subtribe
i. Meeting 1:
Date: 24th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online(G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present:
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
• Shashwat Kasliwal
• Yuvraj Singh
Agenda: A detailed report should include the following, ensuring avoidance of any type
of plagiarism:
• Title.
• Team Members and Entry Numbers, Email Designation.
• Involvement Factor.
• Table of Content.
• List of Tables.
• List of Figures.
• List of Abbreviations.
• Glossary.
• Mind Map.
Page 124 of 140
• Project Management Software Outputs.
• Abstract.
• Motivation Section.
• Requirements Section.
• Specication Section.
• References.
• Appendix: Document ID.
• Appendix: Document Statistics.
• Appendix: Readability Indices.
• Denitions of Readability Indices.
• Proofreading.
• Project Statement.
• Software Used.
• SPOC.
• Tribe Name.
• PDF File Format.
• Review remarks made by Prof. and make sure to incorporate them in upcoming
reports.
• Minutes of Meeting
• Correcting Specications
• Working Flowchart
• Remove Unwanted Citations
• Arduino Code
• Project Libre
• CAD Models, Frequency and Amplitude
• Working in Model
• Stages of Working (DEMO Design + Industrial Model)
• Role of Parts of Model
• Software Used, Change/Remove Previously Plagiarized Text
Page 125 of 140
• Types of Waves and Their Implementation
Discussion Points: The meeting began with a review of the detailed report structure
and the identication of the required sections, giving specic guidelines for each. Roles
and responsibilities were discussed, tasks were assigned, and remarks made by the super-
visor were reviewed to ensure alignment with expectations.
Resolutions: The team agreed to divide the work among the members based on their ex-
pertise and availability. The timeline for completing each section was agreed upon, with
a follow-up meeting scheduled for 28 January 2025 at 9:30 PM to review the progress.
All members will upload their completed sections to a shared folder for review before the
next meeting.
Action Items and Responsibilities:
• Kabir: Responsible for creating the mind map, correcting specications, and work-
ing on the owchart.
• Nilay Sharma:Responsible for reviewing and coordinating whole work
• Om: Tasked with preparing the Minutes of Meeting (MoM) and General Formatting
• Shivang: Will remove unwanted citations, check document statistics, and improve
readability.
• Yuvraj: Responsible for writing and testing the Arduino code.
• Utkarsh: Handling project scheduling using Project Libre.
• Shivaani: In charge of compiling references for the document.
• Pratyush: Will work on the glossary and abbreviations section.
• Sachin: Managing CAD models and ensuring correct frequency and amplitude func-
tioning in the model.
• Madhav and Ojas: Working on dierent stages of the project, including the DEMO
design and industrial model.
• Keshav: Explaining the role of dierent parts of the model.
• Ishant: Listing and discussing the software used and modifying/removing any pre-
viously plagiarized content.
• Shashwat: Researching and documenting the types of waves and their implemen-
tation in the project.
Next Steps: Each team member is to complete their assigned tasks by 28 January,2025.
Regular follow-ups to ensure smooth progress. Any challenges or roadblocks to be com-
municated to the team lead for resolution.
The next meeting was set to be scheduled on 28th Jan, 9:30PM.
Page 126 of 140
ii. Meeting 2:
Date: 28th January 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online(G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present:
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
• Shashwat Kasliwal
• Yuvraj Singh
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to review the progress of the various
sections of the report for the function generator project, ensuring that tasks were on
track and addressing any challenges.
Discussion: The meeting was held to check the progress of the report sections, and
discussions were conducted regarding the various sections of the report. Each member
gave an update on the work completed so far.
Resolutions: All members were asked to continue working on their respective sections
and nalize them before the next review(if needed).
Action Items and Responsibilities: All team members are expected to complete their
assigned sections as per the previous distribution.
Page 127 of 140
D.3.4 Hardware Subtribe
Date: 25th January 2025
Time: 1:00 PM
Location: LH313.3
Attendees: All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: The purpose of the meeting was to divide the subtribe into two groups: one
responsible for gathering and compiling product specications, and the other focused on
learning laser cutting software.
Discussion: The meeting began with everyone sharing their ideas on how to move for-
ward and presenting the data and information they had collected so far, which could
assist in designing the circuit.
Resolutions: Team members discussed their workload and upcoming commitments,
allowing for an assessment of individual strengths and expertise. Based on these con-
siderations, tasks were allocated accordingly, and the subtribe was divided based on
relevant backgrounds.It was agreed that communication would be maintained via What-
sApp groups, enabling team members to seek and provide assistance as needed. After
assigning tasks, it was rearmed that members could stay connected via WhatsApp or
calls. A strict deadline of January 5, 2025, at 9:00 PM was set for everyone to update
their progress and share their ideas.
Responsibilities given to every individual:
Understanding the laser cutting software and try to come up with a very
rough model for the generator
• Adarsh Singh
• Abhishek Singh
• Tirth Punit Golwala
• Saiyam Jain
• Vatsal Sejpal
• Kalyani Nagure Paramachand
• Viha Singla
Understand the working on how to implement dierent waves
• Sushil Kumar
• Umang Agarwal
• Divyansh Khadria
• Tushar Goyal
• Saksham Kumar Rohilla
• Ajaypal Kulhari
• Arpit Mourya
Page 128 of 140
D.4 Week 4 (31/01/25 - 06/02/25)
D.4.1 Market Research Subtribe
Date: 31st January 2025
Time: 3:00 PM
Location: Embedded Lab
Attendees:
• Rahul Athipatla
• Siya Gupta
• Kaneesha Jain
• Aahna Jain
• Tanya Jain
• Pratyush Shrivastava
• Sanya Sachan
• Satvik Prasad
• Ayush Nayak
• Ashmit Nangia
• Gauri Agarwal
Agenda: Analysis of jitter and RC lter eects on stakeholders (ELP101 students).
Exploring any design additions that we can make by taking inspirations from Function
Generators in the market.
Discussion: The Scientech 4064S function generator and the new function generator
that we are planning to develop have several key dierences in terms of features, speci-
cations, and intended use. These dierences could impact various stakeholders, including
engineers, researchers, students, and potential customers. Therefore, it is essential to
analyze how these variations will inuence user experience, market acceptance, cost-
eectiveness, and overall functionality.
Additionally, discussions have revolved around exploring various design ideas to enhance
the usability and performance of our function generator. This includes considerations
related to waveform accuracy, frequency range, user interface, connectivity options, and
power eciency. The design choices we make will play a crucial role in determining the
competitiveness and appeal of the nal product. Hence, careful evaluation of these as-
pects is necessary to ensure that our function generator meets user expectations while
providing improvements over existing models like the Scientech 4064S.
Resolution: Subtask assignment was done by dividing team members into the following
groups:
1. Team 1-
Page 130 of 140
• Rahul Athipatla
• Siya Gupta
• Pratyush Shrivastava
• Satvik Prasad
• Ashmit Nangia
• Gauri Agarwal
2. Team 2-
• Kaneesha Jain
• Aahna Jain
• Tanya Jain
• Sanya Sachan
• Ayush Nayak
The rst team will engage directly with the ELP101 Lab Sta to gather detailed specica-
tions and technical requirements for the product. This meeting will help clarify essential
parameters such as frequency range, waveform types, output stability, modulation ca-
pabilities, and any additional features that may be required. By consulting with the
ELP101 sta, the team can ensure that the function generator aligns with user expec-
tations and industry standards. Furthermore, this discussion may provide insights into
potential design improvements and technical challenges that need to be addressed.
Simultaneously, the second team will focus on market research to analyze industry trends,
competitor products, pricing strategies, and customer preferences. This research will help
in understanding the competitive landscape and identifying unique selling points that can
dierentiate our function generator from existing models. The team will also assess de-
mand, potential customer segments, and feedback from users of similar devices to ensure
that the nal product is both technically robust and commercially viable. By working in
parallel, both teams contribute to a comprehensive development strategy that balances
technical excellence with market feasibility.
Page 131 of 140
D.4.2 Software Subtribe
Date: 3rd February 2025
Time: 7:30 PM
Location: Google Meet
Attendees: Rijul, Arnav, Niranjan, Abhinav N, Punit, Lakshaya, Sumit, Mukul, Priyansh,
Srinivasa, Niraj, Praveen
Agenda: Discussion and distribution of tasks for design week 2.
Discussion: We discussed the button interface as decided by the hardware team and
divided the work for design week 2 into subtasks. We further assigned these subtasks to
subgroups for completion.
Resolutions: The following subtask assignment was done:
1. AD9833 related code-
• Punit
• Nobin
• Yashwant
• Shrenik
2. Button + knob interface (calculation of inputs)
• Sumit
• Lakshaya
• Praveen
• Dhruv
• Manas
• Suneel
3. Display programming
• Srinivasa
• Abhinav
• Priyansh
• Mukul
• Sarthak
• Devansh
4. Buttons interface programming
• Arnav
• Rijul
• Niranjan
• Niraj
• Siddharth
Page 132 of 140
D.4.3 Documentation Subtribe
Meeting 1:
Date: 2nd Feb 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online(G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present.
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
• Yuvraj Singh
• Shashwat Kasliwal
Agenda: A detailed report should include the following:
• Title
• Team Members and Entry Numbers, Email
• Designation
• Involvement Factor
• Table of Content
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Abbreviations
• Glossary
• Mind Map
• Project Management Software Outputs
• Abstract
• Motivation Section
• Requirements Section
Page 133 of 140
• Specication Section
• References
• Appendix: Document ID
• Appendix: Document Statistics
• Appendix: Readability Indices
• Denitions of Readability Indices
• Proofreading
• Project Statement
• Software Used
• SPOC
• Tribe Name
• PDF File Format
• Review Remarks made by Prof. and ensuring they are incorporated into up-
coming reports.
• Minutes of Meeting
• Correcting Specications
• Working Flowchart
• Remove Unwanted Citations
• Arduino Code
• Project Libre
• CAD Models, Frequency and Amplitude Working in Model
• Stages of Working (DEMO Design + Industrial Model)
• Role of Parts of Model
• Software Used, Change/Remove Previously Plagiarized Text
• Types of Waves and Their Implementation
• Collect and document survey results from the market.
• Write a section explaining the design and its USPs (Unique Selling Points).
• Obtain the nal circuit diagram.
• Collect the PCB design in Gerber format.
• Prepare a report on sine wave testing.
• Document the reason for switching from Arduino to AD9883.
Discussion Points: The meeting began with a review of the detailed report struc-
ture and the identication of the required sections, giving specic guidelines for
each. Roles and responsibilities were discussed, tasks were assigned, and remarks
made by the supervisor were reviewed to ensure alignment with expectations.
Resolutions: The team agreed to divide the work among the members based on
their expertise and availability. The timeline for completing each section was agreed
upon, with a follow-up meeting scheduled for 5th February 2025 at 9:30 PM to re-
view the progress. All members will upload their completed sections to a shared
folder for review before the next meeting.
Action Items and Responsibilities:
Page 134 of 140
• Nilay Sharma:Responsible for reviewing and coordinating whole work
• Om: Tasked with preparing the Minutes of Meeting (MoM) and General For-
matting.
• Shivang:Document the reason for switching from Arduino to AD9883.
• Yuvraj:Review the comments made by the Prof.
• Utkarsh: Handling project scheduling using Project Libre.
• Shivaani: In charge of compiling references for the document.
• Pratyush: Will work on the glossary and abbreviations section.
• Sachin:Write a section explaining the design and its USPs (Unique Selling
Points).
• Ojas:Prepare a report on sine wave testing
• Keshav: Collect and document survey results from the market research team
• Ishant: Listing and discussing the software used and modifying/removing any
previously plagiarized content.
• Madhav Biyani, Shashwat Kasliwal, Kabir Uberoi: Tasked with preparing user
manual and repair manual.
Next Steps:
• Each team member is to complete their assigned tasks by 5th February, 2025.
• Regular follow-ups to ensure smooth progress.
• Any challenges or roadblocks to be communicated to the team coordinator for
resolution.
The next meeting was set to be scheduled on 5th Feb, 9:30PM.
Page 135 of 140
Meeting 2:
Date: 2nd Feb 2025
Time: 9:30 PM
Location: Online(G-meet)
Attendees: The following members were present.
• Sachin Hiren Trivedi
• Shivang Goyal
• Shivaani Hari
• Nilay Sharma
• Utkarsh Dubey
• Keshav Rai
• Kabir Uberoi
• Madhav Biyani
• Om Goel
• Pratyush Sharma
• Ojas Sharma
• Ishant Yadav
• Yuvraj Singh
• Shashwat Kasliwal
Agenda: The main agenda of the meeting was to review the progress of the various sec-
tions of the report for the function generator project, ensuring that tasks were on track
and addressing any challenges.
Discussion: The meeting was held to check the progress of the report sections, and
discussions were conducted regarding the various sections of the report. Each member
gave an update on the work completed so far:
Resolutions: All members were asked to continue working on their respective sec-
tions and nalize them before the next review(if needed).
Action Items and Responsibilities: All team members are expected to com-
plete their assigned sections as per the previous distribution.
Page 136 of 140
D.4.4 Hardware Subtribe
Date:1st February 2025
Time:1:00 PM
Location:LH313.3
Attendees:All Members of the Subtribe
Agenda: Agenda of laser cutting subgroup was to nalize iterations before submitting
the design le for laser cutting. Electrical subgroup will combine the individual circuits
to create a PCB design in Geber format.
Discussion: There wasn’t much to talk about because we were always in contact via the
WhatsApp groups we had created over the week. We completed our list of requirements
after everyone revised their work.
Resolutions: Everyone agreed to proceed with gathering further ideas and updating
the subtribe if they discovered anything, because the requirements were mostly nalized.
Each person is assigned specic responsibilities. Each team member was instructed to
study the circuit and design we will be making, as well as the various functions of the
objects we will employ, in order to improve.
Based on these considerations, tasks were allocated accordingly, and the subtribe was
divided based on relevant backgrounds. It was agreed that communication would be
maintained via WhatsApp groups, enabling team members to seek and provide assis-
tance as needed.
After assigning tasks, it was rearmed that members could stay connected via What-
sApp or calls. A strict deadline of January 5, 2025, at 9:00 PM was set for everyone to
update their progress and share their ideas.
Responsibilities given to every individual:
1. Finalising the model for the generator for laser cutting
• Adarsh Singh
• Abhishek Singh
• Tirth Punit Golwala
• Saiyam Jain
• Vatsal Sejpal
• Kalyani Nagure Paramachand
• Viha Singla
2. Combining all the circuit information
• Sushil Kumar
• Umang Agarwal
• Divyansh Khadria
• Tushar Goyal
• Saksham Kumar Rohilla
• Ajaypal Kulhari
• Arpit Mourya
Page 137 of 140
D.5 Actions Taken
D.5.1 Market Research Subtribe
• The rst team initiated discussions with the ELP101 Lab Sta to gather detailed
specications and technical requirements for the function generator. This included
parameters such as:
– Frequency range
– Waveform types
– Output stability
– Modulation capabilities
– Additional required features
The insights from these discussions will help align the function generator’s design
with user expectations and industry standards.
• The second team conducted market research to analyze industry trends, competitor
products, pricing strategies, and customer preferences. Key aspects examined were:
– Competitive landscape and unique selling points
– Demand and potential customer segments
– Feedback from users of similar function generators
This research aims to ensure the product is both technically advanced and com-
mercially viable.
• Both teams collaborated to integrate ndings from technical and market research,
focusing on balancing performance improvements with cost-eectiveness.
• Further meetings are planned to rene the design choices based on gathered data,
ensuring that the function generator oers enhancements over existing models like
the Scientech 4064S.
D.5.2 Software Subtribe
• The tasks for Design Week 2 were successfully divided among subgroups.
• Each team member acknowledged their assigned responsibilities.
• A structured communication plan was established via WhatsApp and calls to pro-
vide ongoing support.
• Initial work began on writing and testing code components for each assigned task.
• Coordination with the hardware team was initiated to ensure proper integration of
software and hardware components.
• A timeline was set for members to provide updates on their progress.
• Debugging strategies and testing approaches were discussed to ensure smooth de-
velopment.
Page 139 of 140
D.5.3 Documentation Subtribe
• Remarks from the professor were reviewed, and necessary corrections were incor-
porated into the report.
• Project scheduling was set up using Project Libre, ensuring a structured timeline
for completion.
• Formatting and proofreading of existing sections were initiated, with a focus on
removing plagiarism and improving readability.
• Survey results were collected and documented for inclusion in the report.
• The section explaining the design and its USPs was drafted.
• The nal circuit diagram and PCB design in Gerber format were obtained.
• A report on sine wave testing was prepared and reviewed.
• The reasoning for switching from Arduino to AD9883 was documented.
• The user manual and repair manual drafting process was initiated.
• All completed sections were uploaded to the shared folder for review before the
next meeting.
D.5.4 Hardware Subtribe
• The laser cutting subgroup nalized design iterations before submitting the design
le for laser cutting.
• The electrical subgroup worked on combining individual circuits to create a PCB
design in Gerber format.
• Since communication was actively maintained via WhatsApp throughout the week,
the discussion primarily focused on nalizing requirements and conrming that all
work was reviewed.
• It was agreed that members would continue gathering ideas and updating the sub-
tribe if they discovered anything relevant.
• Each member was assigned specic responsibilities and was instructed to study the
circuit and design, along with the functions of the components being used.
• Tasks were allocated based on relevant backgrounds, ensuring ecient workow.
• Communication was to be maintained via WhatsApp groups for seeking and pro-
viding assistance.
• A strict deadline of 5th February 2025, 9:00 PM was set for all members to
update their progress and share ideas.
• Follow-up discussions and reviews will be conducted before the set deadline to
ensure alignment with project goals.
Page 140 of 140
